• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2011

Hemoglobin and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) tests are commonly used to screen for iron deficiency, but little research has been done to systematically evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of these two tests. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZPP/H) ratio as a point-of-service screening test for iron deficiency among preschool-aged children by comparing the sensitivity and specificity of hemoglobin, ZPP/H ratio, and serum ferritin (SF). Also completed were assessments for the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency (ID), and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) with indicators of ferritin models. This study was carried out with 95 children ages 3 to 6 y. Anthropometric measurements were assessed and blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, SF, transferrin saturation (TS), and ZPP. Anemia was common and the prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were 14.7%, 12.6%, and 5.2%, respectively. The ZPP/H ratio was strongly and significantly correlated with hemoglobin. And ZPP/H ratio was a more sensitive test for ID than hemoglobin or SF measurement, correctly identifying more than twice as many iron-deficient children (sensitivity of 91.7%, compared to 41.7% for hemoglobin and SF). However, ZPP/H ratio had lower specificity (60.2%, compared to 89.1% for hemoglobin or 96.4% for SF) and resulted in the false identification of more subjects who actually were not iron deficient than did hemoglobin or SF. Low hemoglobin concentration is a late-stage indicator of ID, but ZPP/H ratio can detect ID at early stages and can be performed easily at a relatively low cost. Therefore, ZPP/H ratio can serve as a potential screening test for pre-anemic iron deficiency in community pediatric practices.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.726-733
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school girls in Korea. One hundred thirty-five female students residing in Ulian metropolitan city in Korea diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency participated in this study. One or two tablets of iron medicine(80-160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to all participants for 3 months. Subjects were evaluated with a questionaire, measurement of hematological indices before and after iron supplementation. The average height and weight of respondents were 161.62 $\pm$ 4.68 cm and 53.87 $\pm$ 6.10 kg, respectively. Daily intakes of energy were 1597.8 $\pm$ 302.35 kcal(76.0% RDA). Iron intakes were 13.72 $\pm$ 4.17 mg (76.3% of RDA) and calcium intakes were 580.74 $\pm$ 177.21(72.5% of RDA) before iron supp]ementation. At baseline, 63% of all participants had depleted store(serum ferritin 12 ug/ml and/or transferrin saturation(TS) < 14%). After iron supplementation, this proportion declined to 19.3%. 55.6% of subjects had 12 ug/m1 of basal ferritin concentration before iron supplementation, and this proportion declined to 16.3% after iron supplementation. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentrations were 12.13 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl and they increased to 12.79 $\pm$ 0.81 g/dl, which showed significant difference artier iron supplementation(p < 0.001). The basal ferritin and TS(%) were 13.24 $\pm$ 11.66 ng/ml, 18.42 $\pm$ 10.12% and they significantly increased to 32.95 $\pm$ 21.14 ng/ml, 33.53 $\pm$ 16.64%, respectively(p < 0.001). The basal total iron binding protein(TIBC) were 467.81 $\pm$ 97.24 ug/dl and they significantly decreased to 325.05 $\pm$ 48.89 ug/dl(p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with serum iron(t = 0.553, p < 0.01), serum ferritin(t = 0.557, p < 0.01), TS(%)(t = 0.588, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with TIBC(t= -0.409, p <0.01). The anemia symptoms such as ‘Shortening of breath when going upstairs(p < 0.01)’, ‘Tired out easily(p < 0.01)’, ‘Feeling blue(p < 0.001)’, ‘Decreased ability to concentrate(p < 0.01)’, and ‘Poor memory(p < 0.001)’improved significantly after iron supplementation. In this study, daily iron supplementations were efficacious in improving the iron status and anemic symptoms of female high school students. Regular check-ups and nutrition education for adolescents are necessary because of their vulnerability to iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum effective dose of iron and to examine the adverse effect of long-term iron supplementation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 2007

The fault current limiting characteristics of a flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) considering hysteresis characteristics of a flux-lock reactor, which is an essential component of the flux-lock type SFCL, were investigated. In the normal state, the hysteresis loss of iron core in the flux-lock type SFCL does not happen due to its winding's structure. From the equivalent circuit for the flux-lock type SFCL and the fault current limiting experiments, the hysteresis curves could be drawn. Through the hysteresis curves together with the fault current level due to the inductance ratio between the primary and the secondary windings, the increase of the number of turns in the secondary winding of the flux-lock type SFCL made the fault current level increase. On the other hand, the saturation of iron core was prevented.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of higher than normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and lower than normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in 20 patients. The hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC,), red cell distribution width (RDW), serum ferritin, serum iron (Fe) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured and the transferrin saturation were calculated. 18 (90.0%) cases were categorized as chronic diseases. Chronic renal failure, malignancy, and bleeding were all related to the cases. The mean values of hemoglobin was $9.5{\pm}2.14g/dL$; the MCV was $29.0{\pm}2.8fL$; the MCH was $30.9{\pm}1.0pg$; the MCHC was $31.2{\pm}0.5%$; the RDW was $17.0{\pm}3.6%$; serum Fe was $39{\pm}21{\mu}g/dL$; the TIBC was $219.7{\pm}108.8{\mu}g/dL$; transferrin saturation was $19.2{\pm}9.9%$ and ferritin was $445.5{\pm}499.6{\mu}g/L$ in the patients. The WHO criteria for hemoglobin of patients confirms anemia in 18 of the 20 (90.0%) cases. Anemia of chronic disease was shown in 11 (73.3%) cases; acute gastric ulcer with hemorrhage in 1 (6.7%) case; iron deficiency anemia in 1 (6.7%) case; 2 patients (13.3%) were of normal cases. There were changes in the baseline Hb level results of the 19 (95.0%) cases while no change was shown in 1 case. As a result, diseases associated with anemia and bleeding where the MCV is higher than the normal range and MCHC is lower than normal range are considered relevant findings.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.1174-1179
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• 2006

Purpose : Obesity and iron deficiency are common nutritional problems. Obese children are known to have iron deficiencies, but one presented opposite opinion in Korea. This study investigated the prevalence of obesity and iron deficiency in Incheon and the relationship between iron deficiency and obesity. Methods : Physical measurement and hematologic examinations were done a 764 healthy female students aged 14 to 15 years in May, 2005. Overweight was defined as a body mass index ${\geq}85th$ percentile. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <10 ng/mL. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was defined as serum Hb <12 g/dL and serum ferritin <10 ng/mL and/or transferrin saturation <16%. Results : 1) The prevalence of overweight was 24.4 percent (n=186), and that of obesity 16.5 percent (n=126). Ferritin and transferrin saturation was the lowest in the normal weight group. 2) The prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA was 18.7 percent (n=102) and 5.3 percent (n=41), respectively. 3) Iron deficiency was more common in the normal weight group compared with the overweight and underweight groups. Also, the non-obese had more iron deficiency and IDA than the obese. Conclusion : The prevalence of obesity in middle school girls could be higher in Incheon than in other regions, but there might be no difference in iron deficiency. However, iron deficiency was more prevalent in the normal weight group than in overweight group. The overweight group ate more food and gained more iron, so seemed to be less prevalent in iron deficiency than the normal weight group.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and iron-deficiency anemia in pubescent children, susceptible to iron deficiency due to the high iron requirements for growth. Methods: Hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, and serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori were measured in 937 children (475 boys and 462 girls). Their ages ranged from 10 to 18 years. The prevalences of H. pylori infection were compared between groups, based on the presence or absence of anemia, hypoferritinemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia. The levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin were obtained according to the presence or absence of H. pylori infection. Results: The prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency, iron-deficiency anemia, and H. pylori infection were 8.1%, 9.1%, 3.1%, and 20.8%, respectively. The H. pylori-positive rates in anemia, hypoferritinemia, and iron-deficiency group were 34.2%, 29.5%, and 35.3%, respectively, compared to 19.6% in the non-anemia group, 19.2% in the non-hypoferritinemia group, and 19.4% in the non-iron deficiency group. The H. pylori-positive rate in the iron-deficiency anemia group was 44.8% in comparison with 20.0% in the non-iron-deficiency anemia group. Hemoglobin and iron levels did not show any significant differences between the H. pylori-positive and -negative groups, whereas the serum ferritin level decreased significantly in the H. pylori-infected group. Conclusion: H. pylori infection is thought to be associated with iron deficiency in pubescent children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.601-604
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• 2003

The magnetic field generated in the iron core, which is required for the magnetic field to link each coil of the flux-lock type reactor, affects the fault current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type high-Tc superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL). By applying numerical analysis for equivalent circuit of flux-lock type SFCL, the magnetic field induced in the iron core including currents of each coil was investigated. Through the analysis of magnetic field, we have analyzed that the magnetic field linked the 3rd coil, which is wound in the iron core, prevents the saturation of the iron core, but decreases the impedance of the flux-lock type SFCL.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

The iron status and its relations with nutrient intake, coffee drinking, and cigarette smoking were evaluated through the blood analysis and 3-day dietary recalls in 102 apparently healthy Korean adults (48 males, 54 menstruating females) aged 20-49 years and living in Daejeon City. Mean values of hemoglobin (Hb) in males and females were 15.5g/dL and 13.2g/dL, mean corpscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 36.0% and 36.8 %, serum iron (SI) 135 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 97 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, transferrin saturation (TS) 39.4% and 29.2%, and serum ferritin (Ft) 88.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 23.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. For males the prevalences of abnormal values of iron status indicators were 4.2% in Hb, 2.1% in TS, and 4.2% in Ft, and for females 16.7% in Hb, 25.9% in TS, and 35.2% in Ft. Among females 9.3% had abnormal Ft, TS, and Hb, which was considered as iron-defeciency anemia, and 14.8% had abnormal Ft and TS. As a whole, the impaired iron status prevalences were estimated to be 2.1 - 4.2% for males and 9.3 - 35.2% for females. Mean daily intakes of iron and heme-iron were 13.7mg and 1.51mg in males, and 12.3mg and 1.45mg in females. Ft was positively correlated with dietary energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A, Hb with energy and iron, and MCHC with iron and heme iron. Vitamin A also tended to show positive correlations with Hb, SI, and TS. Coffee drinkers taking 3 cups per day or more had higher levels of Hb, MCHC, and Ft in males and MCHC in females, compared to non-coffee drinkers. Higher levels of Hb and MCHC were found in male smokers than in non-smokers. Coffee drinkers took more energy and vitamin A in males and MPF protein in females than non-coffee drinkers. From the above results, it was suggested that the iron status of men was much better than that of women, and the intakes of energy, iron, heme iron, and especially vitamin A were positively associated with the iron status. Cigarette smoking elevated Hb and MCHC, but the effect of coffee drinking on iron staus was not clear. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 44∼50, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.887-896
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to assess hematological and biochemical status and the prevalence of iron deficiency of pregnant women by gestational age to provide the primary data about iron nutritional status of pregnant women. Pregnant women visiting public health centers in Ulsan participated in study and were divided into 3 trimester by last menstrual period(LMP). Hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit(Hct)and mean corpuscular volume(MCV) among iron status indices were not statistically different from normal distribution, however total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin were skewed to left and serum iron and transferrin saturation(TS) were skewed to right. Hgb was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.93, p<0.001) but TIBC was negatively correlated with all indices. Serum ferritin was also correlated with all indices, especially in 3rd trimester but not reached to 1st trimester level. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), Red cell distribution width(RDW), serum iron and TS were not significantly different by trimester, however when serum serum iron was adjusted with hematocrit to correct the hemodilution, it significantly decreased in 2nd trimester. MCV increased in 2nd trimester and was maintained until late pregnancy, TIBC continued to increase throughout the trimester. The prevalence of anemic by CDC(Centers for Disease Control) Hgb criteria(Hgb <11.0g/dl in 1st and 3nd trimester, Hgb<10.5g/dl in 2nd trimester) was 2.8% in 1st trimester, 22.5% in 2nd trimester, 27.1% in 3rd trimester and was similar with prevalence by CDC Hct criteria(Hct < 33% in 1st and 3rd, Hct < 32% in 2nd). The prevalence of anemic of total subjects was 32.7% by WHO criteria(Hgb < 11.0g/dl). Although almost iron status indices increased in 3rd trimester, the prevalence of anemia by different criteria of all indices increased throughout the trimester, so iron nutritional status was considered as serious during late pregnancy. However, since factors other than iron deficiency, such as infection, infection, inflammation, other nutrient deficiency may also play a significant role, to differentiate the anemia due to mainly iron deficiency from the anemia due to other factors, serum ferritin is among the more useful indices in distinguishing the two conditions because it is depressed only in iron deficiency. Hgb<11.0g/dl and serum ferritin<12.0ug/L as the criteria of iron deficiency was suggested by CDC. 17.8% of all subjects were classified as iron deficient anemia, 14.9% as anemic from other reasons, 21.2% as iron deficiency any only 46.2% were in normal iron status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.493-501
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49$\pm$0.93g/이, 42.47$\pm$2.59%, 125.48$\pm$52,.46$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 338.13$\pm$45.92$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 193.00$\pm$125.03$\mu\textrm{g}$/l in elderly men and 12.82$\pm$0.99$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 37.66$\pm$2.90%, 100.08$\pm$42.82$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 356.41$\pm$54.65$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, and 99.35$\pm$117.22$\mu\textrm{g}$/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin<20$\mu\textrm{g}$/l) and 43.2% showed suppressed erythropoiesis with iron deficiency(TIBC>360$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.