• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1164-1173
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• 2014

The present study demonstrates the impact of specific breed on the characteristics of dry-cured ham. Eighty thighs from Korean native pig (KNP), crossbreed (Landrace${\times}$YorkshireLandrace${\times}$Yorkshire)♀${\times}$Duroc♂ (LYD), Berkshire (Ber), and Duroc (Du) pig breeds (n = 10 for each breed) were used for processing of dry-cured ham. The thighs were salted with 6% NaCl (w/w) and 100 ppm $NaNO_2$, and total processing time was 413 days. The effects of breed on the physicochemical composition, texture, color and sensory characteristics were assessed on the biceps femoris muscle of the hams. The results revealed that the highest weight loss was found in the dry-cured ham of LYD breed and the lowest weight loss was found in Ber dry-cured ham. The KNP dry-cured ham contain higher intramuscular fat level than other breed hams (p<0.05). It was observed that the dry-cured ham made from KNP breed had the lowest water activity value and highest salt content, while the LYD dry-cure ham had higher total volatile basic nitrogen content than the Ber and Du hams (p<0.05). Zinc, iron and total monounsaturated fatty acids levels were higher in KNP ham while polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were higher in Du ham when compared to other breed hams (p<0.05). Additionally, the KNP dry-cured ham possessed higher Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) $a^*$ value, while the Du dry-cured ham had higher $L^*$, CIE $b^*$ and hue angle values (p<0.05). Furthermore, breed significantly affected the sensory attributes of dry-cured hams with higher scores for color, aroma and taste found in KNP dry-cured ham as compared to other breed hams (p<0.05). The overall outcome of the study is that the breed has a potential effect on the specific chemical composition, texture, color and sensorial properties of dry-cured hams. These data could be useful for meat processors to select the suitable breeds for economical manufacturing of high quality dry-cured hams.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.271-279
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• 2015

Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional, iron-binding glycoprotein found in physiological secretions of mammals. LF shows antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. In the present study, a gene encoding the N-terminal lobe of human lactoferrin (hLF) was isolated, cloned and expressed in methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. The recombinant hLF-N (rhLF-N) protein was secreted into the culture medium at the level of $458{\mu}g/ml$ in 3 L fermentor. The size of purified hLF-N was estimated as 35 kDa when analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The rhLF-N was further confirmed by immunodiffusion using the anti-hLF polyclonal antibody. The expression profile analysis by qRT-PCR showed that the relative mRNA expression of rhLF-N was maximal after 2-3 days of methanol induction and reduced gradually at 4 days. The purified rhLF-N showed broad antibacterial activities against the pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and Salmonella typhimurium. However, rhLF-N showed relatively lower activity when compared to peptides derived from LF. In spite of this weak activity, the rhLF-N expressed in P. pastoris might be more advantageous for the industrial application, because rhLF-N is secreted into the culture medium and the production can also be increased by optimization of culture conditions.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.90-105
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• 2007

This study was conducted to assess macro- and micronutrient compositions in school lunch menus based on the 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches. Ninety-five dieticians in elementary school in Chungbuk were asked to complete a questionnaire on characteristics of the school lunch program(such as type of foodservice, food production system), the information about dietitians(such as age, education, and job history), and the extent of the use of processed foods and frozen foods. Dey were asked to return the questionnaire with the menus including the name and the quantity of every food ingredient offered during a week. A total of 554 lunch menus provided for a week of June 2004 were analyzed. Average nutrient content per meal was as follows; 660kcal, energy; 92.9g, carbohydrate; 26.7g, protein; 21.1g, fat; 287 ${\mu}gRE$, vitamin A: 0.5mg, thiamin; 0.5mg, riboflavin; 29.3mg, vitamin C: 338.2mg, calcium; 3.9mg, iron; and 97mg, cholesterol. Average percentages of energy from carbohydrate, protein and fat was 56.2%, 16.2%, and 29.0%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per meal was higher in rural-type than in urban-type schools. The weekly menu of 40% of the schools provided <55% of energy from carbohydrate, and 39% of the schools offered lunch that provided ${\geq}30%$ of energy from fat. The micronutrient content was generally high when the percent energy from fat was less than 25%. Our results showed that only 52.6% of the schools provided lunches with the energy composition as in the 'Dietary Guideline' of School Lunches. Whole Milk was the major contributor to fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. We suggest that school foodservices start to provide low fat milk instead of whole milk to reduce fat, saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. If low fat milk is served instead of whole milk, percentage of energy from fat and saturated fat can be reduced from 29% to 25%, and ken 10.2% to 9.1%, respectively, and cholesterol could be reduced from 97mg to 79mg. Efforts to meet 'Dietary Guideline' for School Lunches should be made, especially to reduce fat intake, while maintaining essential nutrient intake at sufficient levels for childen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2012

This study aimed to interpret the provenance and firing temperature of pottery from Chipyeongdong site in Gwangju, Korea though mineralogical and geochemical methods and also investigated the post-depositional alteration of pottery in burial environments. It is also presumed that they were made of soils near the site because they have similar mineralogical composition and same geochemical evolution path. Based on the results of mineralogical analysis, the pottery samples are largely divided into 2 groups; $700^{\circ}C$ to $1,000^{\circ}C$ and 1,000 to $1,100^{\circ}C$. At some pottery fired at over $1,000^{\circ}C$, it is thought that the refinement of raw materials were processed to remove macrocrystalline fragments. However, it was found that phosphate in soil environments formed amorphous aggregates with Al and Fe within the pores and voids on pottery fired at the low temperature. It indicates the contamination of pottery after burial.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.937-945
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• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary zinc (Zn), environmental temperatures and Zn${\times}$temperature interaction on growth, feathering score and mineral composition of broilers. A total of 256 d-old Avian male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with four corn-soybean meal basal diets (containing 44 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 40, 60 mg/kg Zn (Diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 0.8% Ca for these three diets) and non-Zn supplementation, 1.6% Ca (Diet 4) and two temperature conditions (low: 26, 24, $22^{\circ}C$ vs. high: 30, 28, $26^{\circ}C$). All birds were given feathering coverage scores for back, breast, wing, under-wing and tail. The wing and tail were further evaluated for the occurrence and severity of defect feathers. Feathers were then pooled for mineral composition analysis. The results showed that in high temperature conditions, broilers fed Zn-unsupplemented, 0.8% Ca ration (Diet 1) had significantly (p<0.05) lower ADFI and ADG (wk 1-6) than birds under low temperature conditions. However, when the birds were fed 40 and 60 mg/kg Zn supplementation (Diets 2 and 3), the ADFI and ADG in both temperature conditions were not significantly different. In low temperature conditions, the ADFI, ADG (p<0.05), all feather coverage (p<0.01) and tail defect scores (p<0.001) of birds fed Diet 4 (excess Ca) were significantly poorer than those fed Diet 1. More Ca (p<0.05) was retained in the feathers of broilers fed Diet 4 under high temperature conditions. Broilers fed the Zn-unsupplemented ration (Diet 1) had significantly higher feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) concentrations than those fed the 60 mg/kg Zn-supplemented ration (Diet 3). A reduction of feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations were observed in Diet 4 broilers as compared to those fed Diet 1. Under high temperature conditions, broilers had lower iron (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations in feathers. Broilers kept in high temperature conditions had a higher Zn requirement and 40 mg/kg Zn supplementation was sufficient for the birds to achieve optimum growth. Supplemental Zn ameliorated the adverse effect of high temperature on growth and occurrence of tail feather defects. Excess Ca disrupted Zn metabolism to exert a detrimental effect on growth performance and normal feathering and this was elucidated in the birds kept in low temperature conditions.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.4 s.46
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• pp.267-276
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• 2005

The study is to determine the feasibility of activated red mud as an anti-red tide material. The red mud, a byproduct of Bayer process for the production of alumina from bauxite, contained hematite, boehmite, calcite, sodalite, quartz, zircon, anatase and an unknown phase. In the adsorption study of the red mud, its adsorption efficiencies for heavy elements were close to $100\%$ except $92\%$ In As. These results seem to be attributed by the high adsorption ability of iron oxides for heavy elements. As a result of leaching tests with the red mud at various pHs (pH $1\∼13$), the high leaching efficiencies for As, Cu and Zn at low pHs (at acidic condition) were obtained. It indicated that removal efficiency of heavy elements could be excellent in acidic treatment of red mud. The activated red mud, red mud reacted with acid, contained hematite, boehmite and so on, and desorption of heavy metals from the activated red mud increased with increasing temperature. The grain of the activated red mud was tens nm in size. The removal efficiency for 5 types of plankton was generally in inverse proportion to pH, especially to final pH. Of five plankton types, Prorocentrum minimum and Alexandrium tamarense promptly were removed more than $90\%$ as soon as the activated red mud was sprayed and $100\%$ after 30 minutes. These results indicated that the activated red mud seems to be a promising anti-red tide material.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.2085-2095
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• 2000

Red mud is generated as a by-product during the production of aluminum hydroxide from bauxite ore. In this study inorganic coagulants were prepared by leaching aluminum and iron from red mud with acids under various operating conditions. The optimum leaching efficiency of Al and Fe was obtained by contacting red mud with acids of 5M $H_2SO_4$ and 9M HCI with the ratio of 1/10(g/mL) at $85^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. In addition. the removal experiments of heavy metal ions($Pb^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $Cr^{3+}$), turbidity and phosphate phosphorus($PO_4{^{3-}}-P$) in aqueous solutions were also studied in various experimental conditions. As a result, the developed coagulants are found to show a good removal performance of heavy metal ions. turbidity and phosphate phosphorus in aqueous solutions.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.846-851
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare and to examine the degradation efficiencies and degradation mechanism of pentachlorophenol(PCP) by UV, $UV/H_2O_2$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Fe^{2+}/H_2O_2$, and $UV/Fe^{2+}/H_2O_2$ processes. The pseudo-first order rate constant was compared in each process. The addition of $H_2O_2$ increased the rate constant by 13 times compared to the reaction with UV alone. The reaction rate in $Fe^{2+}$ reaction with PCP increased 4 times and 7.25 times by adding 180 mM $H_2O_2$ and 16 mM $H_2O_2$, respectively. Compared to that with $Fe^{2+}/H_2O_2$, the rate constant of the reaction with UV alone reaction increased 3.1 times. These results indicates the enhancement of reaction rate is closely related to the generation of OH radical. The degree of the iron sludge production observed in $Fe^{2+}/H_2O_2$ reaction was significantly reduced by irradiating UV in this process.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.345-353
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• 1995

${\beta}-Carboline$ alkaloids including harmaline have been shown to inhibit enzymatically or nonenzymatically induced-lipid peroxidation of microsomes. This study was done to explore the antioxidant ability of harmaline and harmalol on the oxidative injuries of hyaluronic acid, lipid and collagen by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$. Their scavenging actions on reactive oxygen species were also examined. Harmaline, harmalol, superoxide dismutase, catalase and DMSO inhibited both degradation of hyaluronic acid by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ and lipid peroxidation of microsomes by $Fe^{2+}$. In these reactions, DABCO inhibited degradation of hyaluronic acid but did not affect lipid peroxidation. ${\beta}-Carbolines$ inhibited degradation of cartilage collagen by $Fe^{2+}$, $H_2O_2$ and ascorbic acid. The reduction of ferricytochrome c due to autoxidation of $Fe^{2+}$, which is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, was not affected by harmaline and harmalol. They also did not have a decomposing action on $H_2O_2$. Hydroxyl radical production in the presence of $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ was inhibited by harmaline, harmalol and DMSO. Harmaline and harmalol may inhibit the oxidative injuries of hyaluronic acid, lipid and cartilage collagen by $Fe^{2+}$ and $H_2O_2$ through their scavenging actions on reactive oxygen species, OH and probably iron-oxygen complexes and exert antioxidant abilities.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2001

Background and Objectives: Nitric oxide (NO) is generated in mammalian tissue by the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline. This reaction is catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO is an important bioactive agent and a signalling molecule that mediates a variety of biologic actions such as vasodilation, neurotransmission, host defense, and iron metabolism but increased NO production may also contribute to the pathogenesis of a various of disorders, including cancer. Before now, the role of NO in thyroid gland is still investigated and it was supposed that NO mediate the angiogenesis in tumor growth. Others journal and works identified the expression of iNOS that involve by neutrophil and eNOS that involve in part in the vascular remodeling and to understand the role of NO in human thyroid gland. But authors revealed only eNOS in thyroid neoplasm. iNOS was identifed by inflammation in fault. Materials and Methods: Western blot analysis was performed, using a polyclonal antibody against eNOS (Rabbit polyclonal IgG). Using the same antibody, the distribution of eNOS was examined in 15 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples by immunohistochemistry. By NADPH consumption rate, NOS activity was estimated at nodular hyperplasia. Results: Western blot analysis exhibited that eNOS was significantly elevated in thyroid papillary carcinoma, compared to that in nodular hyperplasia and normal tissue. Immunohistochemistry showed that the immunoreacitivity was present more significantly in thyroid follicular epithelial cell layer than vascular endothelial cell. NOS activity increased in nodular hyperplasia. Conclusions: Thyroid papillary cancer without neutrophil invasion expressed only eNOS. The endothelial localization of eNOS may play an important role in pathogenensis of human thyroid nodular hyperplasia and the follicular localization of thyroid papillary carcinomas.