• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.243-261
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• 2024

In this study, samples were collected from various ancient wooden shipwrecks, including the Shinan shipwreck and Jindo shipwreck that used iron nails, the Yeongheungdo shipwreck carrying iron artifacts, as well as the Sibidongpado shipwreck and Wando shipwreck where degradation products were not observed, all of which were salvaged by the National Research Institute of Maritime Heritage. The aim was to analyze the characteristics of degradation products generated by iron (Fe) within the salvaged wooden shipwreck materials and establish fundamental data on degradation products in waterlogged archaeological wood. The analysis revealed that sulfur (S) is generally accumulated in wood obtained from marine environments. It was observed that the content of inorganic substances such as iron and sulfur was significantly higher in the Shinan shipwreck, Jindo shipwreck, and Yeongheungdo shipwreck compared to Sibidongpado shipwreck and Wando shipwreck, which used wooden nails. This indicates that the presence of iron affects the accumulation of degradation products and suggests that iron is a factor in the corrosion of wood. Furthermore, crystallin compounds were observed within the cell walls, and higher concentrations of iron and sulfur were found in the resin ducts, rays, and radial tissues. This suggests that during desalination and consolidation treatments, warm water or polyethylene glycol (PEG) may move degradation factors into resincanals, rays, radial tissues, etc.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2013

외부에 설치된 목재 구조물 및 목조주택의 경우 기본적인 접합에 사용되는 철물은 스크류 볼트, 스테인리스 못, 일반 철못을 사용하는데, 목재의 철물 접합 부분이 외기 환경에 직접적으로 노출됨에 따라 온습도 변화에 의한 영향으로 철물 접합부 못의 마찰 저항성이 저하되어 이에 대한 하자가 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 이에 따른 유지보수가 반드시 필요한 실정이다. 하지만, 문제의 개선을 위한 기초자료 확보와 같은 실험 분석 등 현재까지 많은 연구와 대책수립이 이루어지지 않아 하자가 발생된 목재 구조물이 방치되고 있는 실정이므로 본 연구에서는 목재 및 철물 종류별 접합부의 마찰 저항성 분석을 통해 이와 같은 문제 해결을 위한 못 뽑기 저항 특성 분석으로 목재 수종 및 제조 조건 별 올바른 철물 사용 제안과 유지관리 및 보수 보강 계획을 수립할 수 있는 기초자료를 확보하고자 한다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.343-351
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• 2012

발굴된 철제유물은 이물질 제거 후 탈염처리를 실시하여 내부의 염화이온을 최대한 용출시킨다. 그러나 철제유물은 이온화 경향이 높아 부식인자가 차단된 보관환경에서도 재부식이 진행되며 진행 정도에 따라 발굴되었던 형태보다 더욱 악화되기도 한다. 본 연구는 철제유물의 안정화 방안 연구를 위하여 철제유물의 재부식 양상과 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험은 보존처리 후 4년이 경과된 철제관정을 대상으로 실시하였으며 분석방법으로는 육안 및 현미경 관찰, X-ray 촬영을 실시하였으며 XRD, SEM-EDS, 라만분광분석으로 재부식물 성분을 조사하였다. 또한 탈염실험을 통하여 관정 내부에 생성된 염화이온농도를 알아보았다. 실험 결과 탈염처리가 완료된 철제관정은 보존처리 이후 시간이 경과함에 따라 염화이온 농도가 2008년 초기 염화이온 농도보다 최고 5배까지 증가함을 확인하였다. 특히 염화이온 농도가 높을수록 형태의 파손이 심각하였다. 철제관정의 파손된 표면에서 분말상의 노란색과 붉은색 부식물이 발생하였으며 이는 아카가나이트로 확인되어 활성부식이 진행되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권22호
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• pp.115-132
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• 2001

No. 3 Tomb of Bogam-ri, in Naju City, Chollanam-do Province, was a site excavated and inspected from 1996 to 1998 and had a various grave forms, including jar-coffins, stone-chambers and stone-cists. Although most of the metal artifacts excavated from it were severely corroded, we could implement microstructure investigation by collecting samples from the iron axes, iron coffin-nails and iron clamps in which the metal parts were remained. The metal structures were inspected by using metallographic microscope and SEM, and fine components analysis was implemented by ICP. To examine the hardness differences in accordance with the structure distribution, we measured the hardness by structures with Vickers hardness testing machine. As a result of the metal structure inspection, most of them were pure iron, ferrite, and also pearlite, cementite and widmannstaten structures were displayed. We could confirm carbonization was formed on the surface of the iron axes-B, iron coffin-nails-B, and iron clamps-A. There was no carbonization in the rest of the artifacts, and it is not certain that whether the carbonized parts were peeled off through extreme corrosion or they were not carbonized when they were made. In the particular part of a blade, the quality of the material was strengthened through processing. Due to the processing re-grain was caused and fine grain particles were formed. As a result of the ICP component analysis, there were no addition atoms because pure irons were used as materials. In the mean time, No. 17 jar-coffin where the iron axes-A are excavated, is chronologically ordered as from the late-fourth century to the mid-fifth century, and No. 1 and No. 2 stone chambers, where the rest of the artifacts were excavated, as the early-sixth century. It was difficult to relate the periodic differences with the manufacture technique artifacts which we inspected because there were no distinct characteristics of the manufacture technique of the metal structures and it is impossible to conclude the artifacts and sites are at the same period although their periods are different.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권24호
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• pp.187-213
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• 2003

Sungseonsa Temple site in Chungju city in Chungcheongbuk-doProvince is written in "Goryeosa" as a building for Queen Sinmyeongsunseong, the mother of Gwangjong in AD 954 in Goryeo Dynasty. The museum in Chungcheong University takes charge of the excavation for 3 times from 2000 to 2002 and identified that its construction was carried out till Joseon Dynasty. Among the iron artifacts from the first excavation such as a weeding hoe, a hand knife, a lock, two nails and a plow which had conservation treatments, the sample was collected. Its micro-structure and method of manufacture were investigated. Excavation report for those artifacts has not published yet, therefore, the date of each artifacts is not clearly confirmed. The samples were collected from each part of the objects and then embedded in epoxy resin and etched with nitric acid. The examination of its microstructure is carried out under the microscope and the hardness values were measured by Vickers hardness tester. From the results, some artifacts show different manufacture method sin the each parts. The forming processes of the iron weeding hoe and the iron sickle are similar but the blade of iron weeding hoe was strengthened by carbonization whereas the blade of the iron sickle was done by quenching. The hand knife and the nails were produced through almost same methods and shows similar microstructures. The hand knife seems to be made by repeated beating and folding in low temperature resulting in fine crystallization, but the nail shows large crystallization due to processes in high temperature. Lock is made of white cast iron, that does not show any heat treatment.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2021

부여 능산리 서고분군에서 출토된 철지금은장관정을 대상으로 도금된 철제유물의 탈염 가능성 및 안정한 탈염방법을 연구하였다. 철지금은장관정은 철을 소지금속으로 하여 은판을 열로 접합시킨 후 그 위에 아말감도금으로 제작한 유물이다. 본 유물은 균열 및 박락된 부위 틈 사이로 철 부식화합물이 다른 재질의 금속(Au, Ag) 표면에 고착되어 있어 탈염이 필요하다고 판단했다. 따라서 금은장부 잔존 상태별로 A·B·C등급으로 분류하고 60℃에서 0.1M 알칼리 용액법인 NaOH법과 S.S.C법으로 탈염을 진행하였다. Cl^- 용출량과 탈염기간은 A등급을 제외하고 NaOH법이 S.S.C법보다 더 많은 양을 용출하였고 기간도 더 소요되었다. 탈염 전·후 금은장부의 Fe 성분을 비교하면 B등급을 제외하고 NaOH법이 S.S.C법에 비해 증가폭이 작았으나 NaOH법으로 탈염한 관정 4점의 금은장부가 일부 파손되어 유물의 안정성을 고려했을 때, S.S.C법으로 탈염하는 것이 안정할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.17-22
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• 2002

A.D. 6C경의 백제시대 때 만든 것으로 추정되는 부여 능산리 고분에서 출토된 목관의 철정(鐵釘)을 시료로 하였다. 철정은 목질과 철산화물이 엉겨 붙은 덩어리로서 전기화학적인 방법으로 철을 제거하고 목질부 만을 분리하여 광학 및 전자현미경으로 관찰하고 수종을 식별하였다. 28점의 시료 중 24점이 비자나무였고 나머지 4점이 소나무였다. 비자나무는 당시 부여 부근에는 생장하지 않았으므로 관재를 만들기 위하여 남부지방 혹은 다른 지역에서 운반해 온 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of custom nutrition education on dietary intakes and clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. A total of 34 patients visited the anemia clinic of Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital. Among these, only 16 patients were available for follow-ups. A follow-up was conducted by a clinical dietitian 2 months from the first nutrition education session. Patients were all women. For custom nutrition education, we investigated anthropometric data, dietary assessment (24 hr-recall, FFQ), and self-recognized anemic symptoms. Weight did not show a significant difference but hemoglobin, hematocrit (P<0.01), serum iron, and serum ferritin (P<0.05) were significantly increased after the nutrition education. Serum total iron binding capacity was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Self-recognized symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue (P<0.001), shortness of breath, headache (P<0.01), brittle nails, and sore tongue (P<0.05) were significantly improved. Daily intakes of protein (P<0.05), total iron (P<0.01), and animal iron (P<0.001) were significantly increased. A significantly negative correlation was observed between current serum iron and the intake of carbohydrates, fat, or phosphorus (P<0.05). But current serum ferritin showed a significantly positive correlation with the frequency of intake of meat, poultry, and fish. It could be concluded that the custom nutrition education might be effective on quality of diet as well as iron status and it might also improve the clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with the iron deficiency anemia.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.621-630
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• 2019

목판 제작과정에서 갈라짐이나 뒤틀림을 줄이고 목재를 부드럽게 하여 조각을 쉽게 하기 위해서 소금물에 삶는다. 본 연구에서는 포화염수에 연화 처리한 목재의 물리적 특성 변화와 소금이 목판 제작시 사용된 금속부에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 목판 시편을 제작 후 포화염수와 물에 각각 12시간 연화 처리한 결과 포화염수에 연화 처리한 시편은 물에 연화 처리한 시편보다 장기간의 건조기간이 소요되었으며 세포 내부에도 소금이 침투되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 동 못과 철 못을 시편에 박아 고습 환경에 노출 시킨 결과 포화염수에 삶은 시편이 물에 삶은 시편보다 소금의 흡습성으로 인해 중량이 증가하였으며 못의 부식 또한 활발히 일어나 목재에 손상을 주는 현상이 관찰되었다. 이는 최근에 금속구가 결구된 목판의 테두리와 마구리 부분에서 나타나는 손상과 유사한 형태로 목재 세포 내의 소금이 금속 부식에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2011

This study surveyed the prevalence of traumatic reticular diseases (TRD) of slaughter cattle in Korea, the typology of the causative foreign bodies and the effects on beef quality and carcass weight. The overall prevalence of TRD in 3,121 slaughter cattle was 5.5%. However, the prevalence was significantly higher in Korea indigenous cattle Hanwoo (5.8%, p < 0.05) and female cattle (20.75%, p < 0.001). The prevalence significantly increased in aged cattle (p < 0.001). Major lesions related to foreign bodies were reticulitis (96%) and peritonitis (86%). Most causative foreign bodies were made of iron including nails, wires, steel rods, screw nails, and syringe needles. Cattle affected with TRD produced significantly lower grade quality of beef compared to normal cattle (p < 0.0001), but TRD did not affect carcass weight. The data will be useful in the management of TRD, with the aim of increasing beef productivity in Korea.