• 제목/요약/키워드: Iron Production

검색결과 605건 처리시간 0.038초

METHANOGENIC FERMENTATION OF FAT-CONTAINING WASTEWATER MEDIATED BY IRON

  • Zubair, A.;Ivanov, V.;Kim, In-S.
    • 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국생물공학회 2000년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.109-112
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    • 2000
  • Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) are potential inhibitors of bacteria involved in anaerobic digestion because of their surface activity. Precipitation of long-chain fatty acids with iron can improve the anaerobic degradation due to their precipitation and reducing surface properties. Degradation of stearic acid was improved in the presence of iron (II). The methane production was increased 1.6 times as compared to control. Iron-containing soil was applied for degradation of vegetable oil as model case. The methane production was increased 1.5 times as compared to control. Yield of methane production was 0.09 and 0.06L/g COD in experiment and control respectively. Optimum COD/Fe ratio was found 20 mg/mg. Iron (II) can be produced in the treatment system from iron (III) hydroxide or iron containing minerals.

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Synthesis of Iron-loaded Zeolites for Removal of Ammonium and Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions

  • Kim, Kwang Soo;Park, Jung O;Nam, Sang Chul
    • Environmental Engineering Research
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.267-276
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    • 2013
  • This study presents a comparison of different protocols for the synthesis of iron-loaded zeolites, and the results of their application, as well as that of zeolite-A (Z-A), to the removal of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous media. Zeolites prepared by three methods were evaluated: iron-incorporated zeolites (IIZ), iron-exchanged zeolites (IEZ), and iron-calcined zeolites (ICZ). The optimal iron content for preparing of IIZ, as determined via scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, expressed as molar ratio of $SiO_2:Al_2O_3:Fe$, was below 0.05. Ammonia removal revealed that the iron-loaded zeolites have a higher removal capacity than that of Z-A due, not only to ion-exchange phenomena, but also via adsorption. Greater phosphate removal was achieved with IEZ than with ICZ; additionally, no sludge production was observed in this heterogeneous reaction, even though the coagulation process is generally accompanied by the production of a large amount of undesired chemical sludge. This study demonstrates that the developed synthetic iron-loaded zeolites can be applied as a heterogeneous nutrient-removal materials with no sludge production.

Analysis of Iron Production Technology of Army against Japanese through Slag from Saengsoegol Iron Production Site

  • Kim, Minjae;Chung, Kwangyong
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.317-329
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    • 2019
  • Slag was collected from the iron-producing furnace site in Saengsoegol, Baegun mountain, where iron was manufactured by a righteous army against Japan in the Gwangyang region; then, the iron-manufacturing technique of the early modern period was investigated through scientific analysis. In the microstructure analysis results of the selected samples, iron bloom was mainly observed together with magnetite and fayalite. In the component analysis results of the compounds, it was confirmed that the furnace was built by using gangue of alkali feldspar or plagioclase series, and the ironmaking work was performed at a high temperature of at least 1050℃, because mullite was identified together with cristobalite and hercynite. Based on the chemical composition, it was speculated that low-grade iron ores were used as raw materials, and it seemed that the yield was low, because the total Fe content of the smelting slag samples was 37.72-49.93%. It was difficult to confirm whether a slag former was used, and it seemed that materials easily obtained nearby were used when the furnace was built, without considering the corrosion resistance. It appeared that the ironmaking work was performed at the Gwangyang Saengsoegol iron-producing furnace based on the direct ironmaking method in an environment that could escape the vigilance of the Japanese Empire to produce weapons that would be used for the resistance against Japan. It seemed that there was neither an advanced ironware production system nor a mass production system, and small-scale works were performed in short periods of time.

Vibrio vulnificus Metalloprotease VvpE has no Direct Effect on Iron-uptake from Human Hemoglobin

  • Sun, Hui-Yu;Han, Song-Iy;Choi, Mi-Hwa;Kim, Seong-Jung;Kim, Choon-Mee;Shin, Sung-Heui
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제44권5호
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    • pp.537-547
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    • 2006
  • This study was designed to determine whether or not Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease VvpE can promote iron uptake via the proteolytic cleavage of human hemoglobin. We found that V. vulnificus utilized hemoglobin as an iron source more efficiently via the vulnibactin-mediated iron-uptake system than via the HupA-mediated iron-uptake system and, of the proteases produced by V. vulnificus, VvpE was found to be the only protease capable of destroying hemoglobin. However, VvpE expression, on both the transcriptional and protein levels, was suppressed in iron-limited media. However, vvpE transcription, but not extracellular VvpE production, was reactivated by the addition of hemoglobin or inorganic iron into iron-limited media. Moreover, vvpE transcription began only in the late growth phase when V. vulnificus had already consumed most of the iron for growth. In addition, neither vvpE mutation nor in trans vvpE complementation affected the ability of V. vulnificus to acquire iron or to grow in iron-limited media or in cirrhotic ascites containing hemoglobin. Hemoglobin added into iron-limited media was not destroyed, but gradually formed an insoluble aggregate during culture; this aggregation of hemoglobin occurred regardless of vvpE mutation or complementation. These results indicate that VvpE is not required for efficient iron uptake from hemoglobin. On the contrary, hemoglobin or iron is required for efficient vvpE transcription. In addition, a discrepancy exists between vvpE transcription and extracellular VvpE production in iron-limited media containing inorganic iron or hemoglobin, which suggests that additional unknown posttranscriptional events may be involved in the extracellular production of VvpE.

The Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Fe-methionine Chelate and FeSO4 on the Iron Content of Broiler Meat

  • Seo, S.H.;Lee, H.K.;Ahn, H.J.;Paik, I.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.103-106
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    • 2008
  • A broiler experiment was conducted to compare the effects of supplementary iron sources and levels on the iron content of broiler meat. Two hundred and fifty hatched Ross broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates of 10 birds (5 males and 5 females). Birds were housed in raised floor batteries and fed traditional broiler diets ad libitum for 5 weeks. Dietary treatments were as follows: Control, Fe-Met 100 (100 ppm iron as Fe-methionine), Fe-Met 200, $FeSO_4$ 100 (100 ppm iron as $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$) and $FeSO_4\;200$. There were no significant differences among treatments in parameters related to production performance. Liver contained approximately 10 times more iron than the leg muscle which contained approximately 3 times more iron than either breast muscle or wing muscle. Significant differences in iron content in the broiler meat were observed. In the breast meat, Fe-Met treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than other treatments in iron content. In the leg meat, Fe-Met treatments and $FeSO_4\;200$ treatment were significantly higher than the control in iron content. In the wing muscle, Fe-Met 200 treatment was significantly higher than other treatments in iron content. Iron content in the liver was significantly influenced by source and supplementation level of iron. Fe-Met treatments were higher than $FeSO_4$ treatments and 200 ppm treatments were higher than 100 ppm treatments in iron content in the liver. It is concluded that iron-methionine chelate is more efficient than iron sulfate and 200 ppm iron supplementation as Fe-Met is recommended for maximum iron enrichment in broiler meat.

Growth of Stahylococcus aureus with Defective Siderophore Production in Human Peritoneal Dialysate Solution

  • Park, Ra-Young;Sun, Hui-Yu;Choi, Mi-Hwa;Bae, Young-Hoon;Shin, Sung-Heui-
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제43권1호
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    • pp.54-61
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    • 2005
  • In this study, we attempted to determine the effects of iron-availability and the activity of the bacterial iron-uptake system (IUS) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in human peritoneal dialysate (HPD) solution. A streptonigrin-resistant S. aureus (SRSA) strain, isolated from S. aureus ATCC 6538, exhibited defective siderophore production, thereby resulting in ineffective uptake of iron from low iron-saturated transferrin. The growth of both strains was stimulated in HPD solution supplemented with FeCl_3 and holotransferrin, but growth was inhibited in HPD solution which had been supplemented with apotransferrin and dipyridyl. The SRSA strain grew less robustly than did its parental strain in both iron-supplemented HPD solution and regular HPD solution. These results indicate that iron-availability and siderophore-mediated IUS activity in particular, the ability to produce siderophores and thus capture iron from low iron-saturated transferrin play critical roles in the growth of S. aureus in HPD solution. Our results also indicated that the possibility of using iron chelators as therapeutic or preventive agents warrants further evaluation.

조선시대(朝鮮時代) 철비(鐵碑)의 조영(造營) 연구(硏究) (A Study on The Iron Monument in The era of Joseon Dynasty)

  • 홍대한
    • 기록학연구
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    • 제24호
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    • pp.215-274
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    • 2010
  • 우리사회에서 철을 자유로이 사용하게 된 것은 채 100년이 안 된다. 중세 이전 우리나라의 철 생산은 원시적인 행태를 벗어나지 못했다. 그러던 것이 "태종실록"의 기록에 따르면 1407년 전국적으로 대규모 철장[철광산] 증설을 시행하였는데, "세종실록지리지"에는 이 때 개발된 철장의 수를 전국적으로 78개 소였다고 기록하고 있다. 15세기에 편찬된 "농사직설"에 따르면 철재 농기구는 지주 등 일부만이 소유할 수 있는 중요한 재산이었음을 알 수 있다. 당시 가장 중요한 생산수단 이었던 농기구마저 지주 등 일부에게 한정되어 사용되던 시절이었기에 다른 용도로 철을 사용한다는 것은 많은 제약이 따랐다. 이러한 상황은 16세기 말~17세기 전반기에 거듭된 전쟁으로 관영수공업이 파괴되었으며, 국가로부터 제철업경영권을 위임 받은 '별장'이 세금을 내는 조건으로 철소(鐵所)를 사적으로 경영하게 되면서 획기적으로 변화하게 되었다. 조선시대 철비는 크게 현감, 관찰사 등 지방수령의 공덕을 기리기 위한 공덕비와 1684년 제작으로 서당을 운영하기 위하여 창립한 전남 진도 학계(學契)비 등의 사적(史蹟)비, 보부상 들이 세운 송덕비로 크게 나눌 수 있다. 철은 과거 부의 상징이자 나무나 돌에 비해 강하고 영원하다는 믿음의 대상이었다. 때문에 중요한 공덕비 건립이나, 맹세의 상징으로 철비를 건립하게 된 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 철은 동양사상에서 악한 것을 물리치고, 지기(地氣)가 강한 곳을 누른다는 비보풍수의 목적으로 사용되었는데, 철비가 세워진 가문은 최고의 영광이었다고 한다. 철비는 17~18세기 들어 제작이 급격히 증가하는 현상을 보인다. 이것은 선정을 베푼 수령의 증가가 아닌, 역설적으로 원성을 듣던 수령이 직접 세우는 사례가 증가하며, 부를 축적한 중인계층들이 양반으로 신분을 바꾼 후 조상의 정통성을 가공하기 위해 철비를 세우는 경우가 허다했다. 어떠한 이유로 철비를 제작하게 되었는지는 기록으로 남아 있지 않아 확인할 수 없으나, 오행(五行)사상과 관련 깊을 것으로 추정된다. 철은 곧 금(金)이다. 오행에 있어 '금'의 기운을 보면 '금'은 대지를 뜻하며, 그 색은 황금이며 황금은 모든 것을 포용하는 찬란한 휘광이다. 또한 금은 모든 쇠, 또는 철이기도 하기 때문에 음의 기운에 속한다. 금은 단단하고 변함없으며, 절대 부서지지 않는 강인한 기운을 지니고 있다. 이승이 양이라면 저승은 음이다. 이러한 오행사상과 철이 지니는 가치 때문에 철로 비를 제작했을 것으로 생각된다. 뿐만 아니라 조선시대에 들어서면 급격한 생산력의 증대가 이루어진다. 세종대 이후 농업기술의 발달에 기인한 바 크며, 17세기 이후 상업자본의 성숙과 함께 사대부와 견줄만한 재력을 모은 중인계층의 성장이 두드러진다. 이러한 사회여건 속에서 자신들의 권위와 부를 상징하기 위해 당시까지만 하여도 귀했던 철을 소재로 비를 건립한 것으로 판단된다.

금산 수당리유적 출토 철제유물의 금속학적 연구 (Metallurgical Study on the Iron Artifacts Excavated from Sudang-ri Site in Geumsan)

  • 박형호;조남철;이훈
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제46권3호
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    • pp.134-149
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    • 2013
  • 금산 수당리유적은 5세기 백제세력이 금산 진안을 통해 가야로 연결되는 내륙교통로를 장악하여 가야 세력과 교류를 하였던 것으로 추정되는 유적이다. 출토된 철제대도와 철부, 철겸 등에 대한 금속학적 미세조직 분석을 실시하여 수당리유적에 대한 철기 제작기술을 확인하였으며 비슷한 시기 제작된 철제유물과 비교하여 5세기 전 후의 백제시대 철기 제작기술에 대한 특징과 기술체계를 파악하고자 하였다. 금산 수당리유적에서 출토된 철제유물은 다양한 제작방법이 적용된 것으로 파악되며 제작방법은 단순히 성형만 이루어진 것과 성형 후 제강공정이 이루어진 것, 성형 후 제강공정과 열처리가 함께 이루어진 것으로 크게 세 가지 방법으로 나누어진다. 성형만 실시한 1호 석실분 철겸의 경우 인부와 배부 모두 연한 페라이트 조직이 주를 이루고 있어 무기로서 가지는 실용적 기능이 떨어져 피장자의 부장 의장용으로 제작되었을 것으로 추정된다. 성형을 실시하고 침탄과 같은 제강공정을 실시한 1호 석곽묘의 철부, 12호 석곽묘의 철겸은 담금질과 같은 열처리는 생략하였지만 부위에 따른 제작 공정의 변화를 주게 되어 단순히 부장 의장용이 아닌 농경과 같이 실생활에서 사용할 목적을 가지고 제작된 것으로 판단된다. 성형을 실시하고 침탄, 열처리로 이어지는 제작방법은 5호, 12호 석곽묘 철제대도에서 확인할 수 있다. 열처리로 인하여 강해진 인부조직과 강하면서도 부러지지 않는 배부의 조직은 제작 과정에서부터 무기가 가지는 목적에 맞게 제작되어 피장자가 직접 사용하였던 것으로 추정된다. 금산 수당리 출토 철제유물의 분석결과를 토대로 비슷한 시기 백제권역에 조성된 고분군들 가운데 철제유물의 금속학적 미세조직 연구가 이루어진 천안 용원리유적, 서천 봉선리유적, 서산 부장리유적과 비교하여 철기 제작기술의 특징을 살펴보았다. 분석을 실시한 철제유물의 수가 많지 않아 공통적으로 출토된 철제대도(목병대도)를 통하여 기술변화과정을 살펴본 결과 철제대도(목병대도)는 4세기 이후 담금질이라는 열처리기술이 적용됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

디프테리아 toxin 생산을 위한 발효조건 최적화 (Optimization of Culture Conditions for the Production of Diphtheria Toxin)

  • 조민;유연우
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.241-247
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    • 1999
  • 디프테리아는 Corynebacterium diphtheriae에 의해 발생되는 호흡기 질병으로 C. diphtheriae의 exo-toxin을 불활성화 시킨 toxoid 백신을 사용하여 예방해 왔다. 현재까지 국내에서는 정치배양 방법으로 디프테리아 toxin을 생산해 왔기 때문에 생산성과 품질에 한계가 있었으며, 이를 극복하기 위해 발효조를 이용한 발효조건 최적화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 디프테리아 toxin을 보다 효율적을 얻기 위한 배지로서 beef antigen이 함유되어 있지 않은 casein 유래의 NZ-Case를 선택하였다. 발효조에 의한 toxin 생성은 세포성장과 함께 증가하는 growh-associated form으로 나타났다. 최대의 세포성장과 toxin 생성은 초기 pH가 7.0인 배지에서 0.22vvm의 통기와 400rpm의 교반조건에서 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 최대의 toxin 생성을 위한 최적의 iron 이온의 농도는 0.3mg/L 이었으며, morgamcphospale의 첨가에 의한 calcium-phosphate 침전이 배지 내에 iron 이온의 농도조절을 위하여 요구되었다. 면역원성을 확인하기 위한 역가시험 결과 발효조 배양에서 얻은 toxoid는 4단위에서 모든 guinea-pigs가 생존하여 2단위인 정치배양 toxin에비해 월등히 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 결국 발효조 배양으로 toxin을 생산할 경우 부작용이 적고 수율과 생산성 및 면역원성 이 우수한 toxid의 생산이 가능하였다.

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조선후기 산릉공역의 철물 조달과 철제품 제작 -산릉의궤를 중심으로- (A Study on the Procurement of Iron Materials and the Production of Ironwork in Constructions of Royal Tombs in the Later Joseon Period -Focused on Sanneung-uigwes-)

  • 이상명
    • 건축역사연구
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.27-40
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to comprehend the procurement system of iron materials and the production process of ironwork in royal tombs constructions in the later Joseon period. For this purpose, sixteen Sanneung-uigwes were analyzed. The following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, it was procuring five types of iron materials in constructions of royal tombs. Sincheol had been supplied up to the mid-18th century. On the other hand, the amount of jeongcheol was increased rapidly. Because of the procurement system of initial tools was changed from bokjeong(a kind of tribute) to self-production in the Noyaso. Second, the government stockpiles were utilized as much as possible than bokjeong to manage the limited construction period and sudden construction start. Third, before moving the site of tombs, the melting furnace was installed in the Gungisi(armament factory). The amount of the melting furnace was increased from 5 to 8 since producing the initial tools in the Noyaso. Fourth, six kinds of master artisans were worked in the field of producing ironwork. Metal worker was assigned to one person per melting furnace. Fifth, the quality of final iron materials was controlled by use. Since the 19th century, it had been produced enhanced ironwork.