• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.144-148
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• 2001

In this study, to improve the color of iron oxide from waste pickling acid at the cold rolling mill, quality control technologies to improve color were investigated. During operation of the spray roaster, the charge amount of waste acid per hour, temperature, and numbers of spray nozzles were investigated. At the admixing process, titanium oxide, silica, and goethite were tested. The color character of iron oxide can be improved by process control of the spray roaster and the admixing process at a pigment factory. Iron oxide from this study is appropriate for use as a colorant of a concrete product.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.24-29
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• 2002

In this study, to improve the color of iron oxide from waste pickling acid at the cold rolling mill, the quality control technologies especially about color were investigated on the spray roaster and iron oxide powder. At the operation condition of the spray roaster, the charge amount of waste acid per hour, temperature, numbers of spray nozzle were investigated. At admixing process, titanium oxide, silica, goethite were tested. Color character of iron oxide can be improved by process control at spray roaster and by admixing process at a pigment factory Iron oxide from results of this study is enough to use as the colorant of concrete product.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.573-587
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• 2019

In this study, reproducing specimens were made from mixing domestically produced magnetite, clay and non-plastic raw materials to reproduce the pigments used in the manufacture of traditional cheolhwa buncheong stoneware. In order to reveal the color fomation of glaze, 30 specimens with good color development were analyzed scientifically. Magnetite, which is the main raw material of the pigment, is a pigment capable of creating a dark black color in a reducing environment at 1,200℃. However, it reacts with the additionally added lime component and discolors to greenish yellow color in oxidizing environment at 1,230℃. Hematite is not significantly affected by the firing temperature and environment, but develops a dark black color when mixed with clay with iron content of more than 10%. The fluidity of the pigment is determined by R₂O₃/RO₂ value, which also affects the color development. In the microtexture observation, the color formation of the glaze layer and the iron oxide crystals identified some differences depending on the particle size of the pigment and the firing environment. Reproduced specimens made of magnetite are present in the form of aggregates of iron oxide in the interface between glaze layer and slip layer in the oxidizing environment at 1,200℃. However, in the reducing environment, aggregates of iron oxides do not exist in the reproduced specimens, and they are homogeneously distributed in the glaze layer and formed a dark black color. In contrast, hematite-based specimens form dendritic structures in the glaze layer in an oxidizing environment and develop black.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.929-939
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• 2007

Red mud is a waste generated by the aluminium industry, and its disposal is a major problem for this industry. Red mud has a reddish-brown color and superfine particle characteristics. So, it can be a promising pigment admixture for concrete industry. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the potential use of red mud in color concrete. The micro structures of red mud and iron oxide pigment such as porosity, pore size distribution, diameter of particle were analyzed with the aid of SEM, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and the infrared absorbance. Tests on physical properties of color concrete, such as strength, slump, early shrinkage crack patterns, and color characteristics were carried out and the results were reported in this paper.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2019

The fragments of a wall painting excavated from among the historical remains of Jeseoksa Temple in Iksan. The extent of the damage to the fragments was examined and an analysis of the components of the pigment was conducted. The results of the component analysis of the pigment confirmed that the white pigment consisted of alkali feldspar and mullite. Although the results of the visual inspection revealed differences in color in the red and black pigments, the main component of the two colors was confirmed to be iron oxide. Red and black pigments are found at the same position. Although differences of color is obvious, those are identified as hematite and magnetite of oxidized steel's affiliation. It is judged that Differences of ingredients happened by external environment's factors.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2022

Sri Lanka has four types of mural painting styles; Classic, Late Classic, Kandyan, and Southern styles, but there is little research on scientific analysis for mural paintings. In this study, we analyze white, yellow, and red clay pigments which were collected from ancient producing sites. Analyzing pigment samples shows that samples are containing aluminum oxide(Al₂O₃) and silicon dioxide(SiO₂) which are connected to the soil. And a degree of iron oxidation determines yellow or red colors. To understand the characteristics of clay pigment samples, we go over previous pigment analyses of mural paintings in Sri Lanka. Kaolin is identified after the 17^th century, yellow and red ochre are applied in early periods, Classic and Late Classic styles. The change in raw materials of pigments occurred in the 17^th century.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2017

In order to identify the application techniques of wooden lacquerware artifacts, optical/polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were conducted on the lacquer films of 61 wooden lacquerware artifacts excavated from the Imdang-dong site, Gyeongsan, Korea. Powdered soil, soot, and charcoal were used as a filler for the undercoat, and iron oxide ($Fe_2O_3$) was used as a red pigment. Five different applying techniques were identified for the undercoat according to the composition of the lacquer. Eight different application techniques were identified for the final coat (on the middle layer and surface layer). Totally seventeen application techniques were identified based on the combination methods of the undercoat and finalcoat. Consequently, the undercoating techniques of Imdang-dong lacquerwares were found to be similar to those of lacquerwares from excavated in other provinces. However, the use of iron oxide as a red pigment at Gyeongsang province is very characteristic compared with others.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.52
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2022

Our purpose in this study is to analyze the microstructural characteristics and constituent elements of inorganic substances added to the yellow ink and red ink pigments used in permanent makeup. We observed the microstructural properties of inorganic pigments added to the ink using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed the constituent elements of the inorganic pigment particles using an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). In red wine-colored ink, cubic titanium dioxide with a diameter of 110 to 200 nm was the major component, and rod-shaped iron oxide was rarely observed. Most of the ingredients of taupe yellow ink were rod-shaped yellow iron oxide, and a small amount of cubic titanium dioxide was observed. Red wine-colored ink and taupe yellow ink contained lumps composed of titanium dioxide particles. In red wine-colored ink, lumps were formed by agglomeration. However, we observed that the surface of the lump composed of titanium dioxide in the taupe yellow ink had a smooth surface caused by external physical compression. The titanium dioxide particle mass which found in taupe yellow ink in this study is an artificial product. When this mass accumulates in the dermis, it may cause a color mismatch. Therefore, permanent makeup using fine pigments should be free of foreign substances that may cause trouble in the skin. In addition, there is a need to improve the quality of the ink so that the required color can be safe and long lasting in the dermis.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of iron-nickel oxide ($Fe_2O_3$.NiO) nanopowder (FeNi) as an anti-corrosion pigment for a different application. The corrosion protection ability and the mechanism involved was determined using aqueous solution of FeNi prepared in a corrosive solution containing 3.5 wt.% NaCl. Anti-corrosion abilities of aqueous solution were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on line pipe steel (API 5L X-80). The protection mechanism involved the adsorption of metallic cations on the steel surface forming a protective film. Analysis of EIS spectra revealed that corrosion inhibition occurred at low concentration, whereas higher concentration of aqueous solution produced induction behavior.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.507-518
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• 2017

Through a combination of scientific analytical methods, the coloring materials used in $20^{th}$ century paintings in historical churches of Baclayon, Dauis and Loay, which are municipalities in Bohol, Philippines, were studied. Inorganic pigments were identified using SEM-EDS and XRD. Iron-based pigments were commonly found in the paintings, yielding dark yellow and brown colors. Zinc oxide was identified as the white pigment in the ceiling paintings of Dauis Church and Loay Church, while titanium dioxide was detected in the column painting in Baclayon Church. Organic analysis showed the presence of Pigment Yellow 3, a synthetic organic pigment. Paint layers, as well as other components of the samples such as grounds and metal leaves, were examined microscopically. It was observed that different types of grounds were applied on different types of surfaces. Moreover, organic pigments were found in combination with white extender materials. Microscopic examination also revealed alterations in the artworks, such as the overpaint layer found in the samples from Baclayon Church cornice and the imitation metal leaf layers applied over the original gilt surface in the Loay Church retablo.