• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 2020

Machine learning is an algorithm which learns a computer based on the data so that the computer can identify the trend of the data and predict the output of new input data. Machine learning can be classified into supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning is a way of learning a machine with given label of data. In other words, a method of inferring a function of the system through a pair of data and a label is used to predict a result using a function inferred about new input data. If the predicted value is continuous, regression analysis is used. If the predicted value is discrete, it is used as a classification. A result of analysis, no. 8 (5, 3.4, setosa), 27 (5, 3.4, setosa), 41 (5, 3.5, setosa), 44 (5, 3.5, setosa) and 40 (5.1, 3.4, setosa) in Table 3 were classified as the most similar Iris flower. Therefore, theoretical practical are suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.74-84
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to figure out the utilization of native plants for highway landscape. The field and nursery experiments were conducted from January of 1996 to December of 1998 on the Chonju Arboretum and Honam highway in Korea Highway Corporation. We have investigated thirty species of native plants and came to a conclusion that Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster koraiensis, Iris nertschinskia, Fennisetum alopecuroides, Viola kapsanensis are very suitable for highway landscaping. And, if the problems raised during this investigation are resolved, it is clear that Polygonatum odoratum var. plurijlorum, Belamcanda chinensis, Allium thunbergii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus, Disporum sessile, Lilium tigrinum, Caryopteris incana, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Pulsatilla koreana, Aster spathulifolius etc. can be useful plants at highway landscaping.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.498-515
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• 2011

The flora of Juwangsan National Park was surveyed. The field works was done for seven times from March to October 2008. Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in Juwangsan National Park were found to be Hylotelephium ussuriense (KOM.) H. OHBA, Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Iris odaesanensis Y.N.LEE and Acanthopanax senticosus (RUPR. et MAX.) HARMS, Lilium cernum KOM., Thalictrum coreanum LEV.(7 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 88 taxa; that is, degree V species (8 family 9 taxa) were containing as Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Lilium cernum KOM., etc, degree IV species (4 family 5 taxa) were Cimicifuga heracleifolia KOM., Anemone reflexa STEPH. et WILLD., Patrinia rupestris JUSS., etc, degree III species (16 family 18 taxa) were containing; Pyrrosia petiolosa (CHRIST.et BARONI) CHING, Exochorda serratifolia S. MOORE., Aristolochia manshuriensis KOM., etc, degree II species (14 family 18 taxa) were Paeonia japonica MIYABE et TAKEDA, Isopyrum raddeanum (REGEL) MAX., Cypripedium macramthum SW., etc and degree I species (30 family 38 taxa) were Botrychium virginianum (L.) SW., Chloranthus japonicus SIEB., Dictamnus dasycarpus TURCZ., etc. 15 taxa that included Salix hulteni FLODERUS, Celtis choseniana NAKAI, Clematis trichotoma NAKAI, Vicia venosissima NAKAI, etc. were found to be endemic to korea and 21 taxa that included ; Bilderdykia dumetora (L.) DUM., Bilderdykia convolvulus DUM., Lepidium apetalum WILLD., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Symphytum offcinale L., Hibiscus trionum L. etc. were identified as naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

To develope wild flower collected from Chollabuk-do area resource plant species were investigated from May 1996 to April 1997. This study was focussed to make the basic data for better quality of breeding species from wild flower species and to keep proper gene pool for development with competitive power internationally in future. There was 131 species blooming in spring season(34.7%), 219 species in summer(58.1%), 25 species in autumn(6.6%) and 2 species in winter(0.5%), respectively. Flower color of all the plants was 26 kinds in diverse, among them, white flowers were occupied dominantly of 28.9%, yellow flowers, 20.7%, violet flowers, 16.4% and red purple flowers, 7.9%, respectively. Transplanted wild flower plants at the garden in the study area frequently were Chelidonium majus var. asiaticum, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris nertschinskia, Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Pulsatilla koreana, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Taraxacum platycarpum, Chrysanthemum boreale, Liriope platyphylla and Lycoris radiata. Twenty-six species of wild flowers such as Cymbidium goeringii, H. fulva, L. radiata, C. zawadskii var. latilobum, etc. were collected from their habitat and being selling at the market or road side. Total 343 taxa of wild flowers to prevent carrying out to foreign countries and to improve better quality were selected and recommended in this study, for example, they were 41 taxa of Compositae plant, 25 of Rosaceae, 20 of Liliaceae and 18 of Ranunculaceae in order. Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Cypripedium japonicum, C. macranthum, Calanthe discolor, Dicentra spectabilis, Ilex cornuta, Stewartia koreana, Abeliophyllum distichum, Forsythia saxatilis and Campanula glomerata var. dahurica should be protected as wild flowers because their numbers are decreasing remarkably, belong to rare species, being at a crisis to extinct species and important plants for research materials.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.413-419
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• 2011

This study was conducted to find out the cadmium (Cd) accumulation and tolerance of Iris pseudacorus and Acorus calamus as aquatic plants native to Korea for Cd removal in water. In the range of Cd concentration from $10{\mu}M$ to $130{\mu}M$, the Cd lethal dose 50 ($LD_{50}$) was $78.5{\mu}M$ in I. pseudacorus and $47.6{\mu}M$ in A. calamus. In I. pseudacorus, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase as antioxidants were relatively effective against oxidative stress caused by Cd, while catalase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenolics were effective in A. calamus. The polyphenolics known as typical antioxidants were not detected in I. pseudacorus. In both species, the Cd accumulation in plants increased with the higher Cd concentration and the longer processing period. Also, the absorbed Cd was accumulated mainly in the roots. The amount of Cd accumulated in the shoot part was maximally $548.1mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (82.1% to Cd accumulated in the root part) in I. pseudacorus and $121.4mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (13.7%) in A. calamus, which implied that both species all were enough evaluated as Cd hyper-accumulators based on 0.01% or more Cd accumulation in the shoot. Especially I. pseudacorus showed outstanding ability to move well Cd into the shoots from the roots and high tolerance to Cd stress.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illiminate the diversity of vascular plants by making list of rheophyte and hydorphyte plants at Yugu stream. This study was conducted from Aug., 2009 to Sept. 2010 at 7 points. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants from investigated areas were 88 families 229 genera 290 species 3 subspecies 30 varieties 5 forms, totally 328 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 3 species such as Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai (planted) and Paulownia coreana Uyeki (planted), and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H. Bailey. The rare and endangered plants were designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Penthorum chinense Pursh, Acorus calamus L., Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai. Floristic special plants were totally 26 taxa, which were grade V of 2 taxa, grade IV of 2 taxa and grade III of 9 taxa. Naturalized plants were 27 taxa, that was 8.3% of whole discovered vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the vegetation of Yugu stream. Since village was composed along the stream and the roads and banks were linked, naturalized plants were flowed continuously into this region. So, strategy of the conservation for this region should be designed. Based on flora, 3 types of group were discriminated such as main stream type (4 points), branch stream type (2 points) and reservior type (1 point). Each group has difference in composition of plants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.27-55
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• 2020

We investigated the flora of Ibamsan Mt. and Baekamsan Mt., and discuss here important vascular plants found on these mountains. We created a plant list using voucher specimens collected from Ibamsan Mt. and Baekamsan deposited at CNU. There are 769 taxa in Ibamsan Mt. and Baekamsan Mt., consisting of 116 families, 403 genera, 687 species, 16 subspecies, 58 varieties, and 8 forms. Twenty-four endemic plants of Korea were found, including Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai and Eranthis byunsanensis B. Y. Sun. There are 15 rare plants on Ibamsan Mt. and Baekamsan as designated by the Korea Forest Service, including Iris koreana Nakai and Chamaegastrodia shikokiana Makino & F. Maek., as well as 14 red-list plants as designated by the Ministry of the Environment, including Lycoris chinensis var. sinuolata K. Tae & S. C. Ko ex K. Tae & S. C. Ko and Cymbidium macrorhizon Lindl. In total, there are 133 taxa of floristic regional indicator plants, including four level V taxa, such as Iris koreana Nakai; ten level IV taxa, such as Lindera sericea (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume; 28 level III taxa, such as Botrychium japonicum (Prantl) Underw.; 22 level II taxa, including Hylomecon vernalis Maxim.; and 69 level I taxa, including Dryopteris erythrosora (D. C. Eaton) Kuntze. There are 37 invasive plants, including Rumex acetosella L. and Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G. L. Nesom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.75-90
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• 2008

The golf course has many problems that are a pollution of river, a extinction of habitat by destructing a forest and a simplication of species composition. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the ecological characteristics of vascular plants in construct-reserved site of golf course. The results were as follow. The vascular plants were summarized as 342 taxa; 86 families, 231 genera, 295 species, 42 varieties and 5 forma. In the results by the location environments of vegetation, Salix caprea community and wetland species like Persicaria thunbergii were appeared in the swamp. Especially, S. caprea will be made use of promoting a landscape. In the stream, Stephanandra incisa community has a functions like an ecological axis and a corridor of wild animals. The planting technique will be applied to using Atractylodes japonica and Ainsliaea acerifolia in the lower part of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica. Because Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Convallaria keiskei grew by layer in Q. variabilis community, this will be made use of natural vegetation model. The rare plants were 2 taxa; Aristolochia contorta and Iris ensata var. spontanea. To preserve their community, we will prohibit a development and remove a threatening factor. The endemic plants were 4 taxa; Salix caprea, Clematis trichotma, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 19 taxa; Rumex crispus, Bildedykia dumetora and so on. To establish the quantitative management plan, we will obtain a ecological information about a naturalized plants in accumulating by season, community and land use pattern.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2003

Total 7 moors, Yong-neup on Mt. Daeam, Chilbo Mt. moor, Dogapsa-neup on Mt. Wolchul, Wangdeungiae-neup on Mt. Jiri, Mujechi-neup on Mt. Jungjok, Buljae-neup on Mt. Kyungak and Geoinri-neup on Dongsang, were investigated by literatures and survey. Distribution, conditions, and similarity of dominant species and Orchidaceae on moor were analyzed. The results are follows; There are total 46 wetland plant species observed more than twice from 7 moors. The plants classified as constancy class V, which are appeared more than 80%, are Iris ensata var. spontane, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Sanguisorba tenuifolia var. alba, Habenaria linearifolia, Sium ninsi, Lobelia sessilifolia, Lastrea theiyptoris, and Eupatorium chinensis var. simplicifolium. Highly appearing Orchidaceae, which was classified to constancy class IV plant, are Habenaria linearifolia, Pogonia japonica, Eipactis thunbergii, and Platanthera mandarinorum. They are the typical index plants of the moors. Habitual environment of Habenaria radiate and Platanthera hologlottis can be affected by environmental aspects such as latitude, altitude and the water quality. However those of Habenaria linearifolia, Epipactis thunbergii, and Pogonia japonica are not affected by latitude and altitude, but may be determined by water condition of wetland. As the result of similarity index analysis for appearance of Orchidaceae identifying each moors in the view of species composition, swamps at Dogapsa-neup and Buljae-neup are very similar. However Yong-neup is totally different from those of Dogapsa-neup and Buljae-neup. Yong-neup had shown the high similarity indices of 0.85 and 0.75 with Wangdeungiae-neup and Mujechi-neup, respectively. Growth properties of wild Orchidaceae at wetland were almost similar. Platanthera mandarinorum and Liparis kumokiri had characteristics of good adaptability. Most of them need light. Pogonia was the only long-day plant. The flowering time of these Orchidaceae was from May to September.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-31
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to offer the basic data for the restoration and conservation of forest wetland by surveying systematically the vascular plants of Sandeul wetland in Mt. Jaeyak, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The vascular plants in this wetland were recorded as 232 taxa; 74 families, 178 genera, 200 species, 27 varieties and 5 forma. The major communities were Quercus mongolica, Tripterygium regelii, Alnus japonica, Molinia japonica, Salix gracilistyla and Stephanandra incisa. The numbers of plant species by routes were 168 taxa in A-route, 126 taxa in B and 132 taxa in C. The ecological problems in Sandeul wetland were the afforestation of Pinus koraiensis and P. thunbergii, the appearance of naturalized plants, the invasion of species and the scour of valley. The Korean endemic plants were 5 taxa; Salix hallaisanensis, Hepatica insularia; Chrysosplenium barbatum, Ajuga spectabilis and Weigela subsessilis. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa; Aristolochia manshuriensis, Chrysanthemum lineare and Iris ensata var, spontanea. The naturalized plants were 8 taxa; Rumex acetocella, R. crispus, Trifolium repens, Oenothera lamarckiana, Ambrosia artemisifolia var. elatior, Helianthus tuberosus, Erigeron annuus and Phleuum pratense.