• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.88-95
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• 2015

The main sources of recovered paper for newsprint are old newsprint (ONP) and old magazine (OMG). Recently, a lot of advertisement flyers are flowing into bales of ONP and portion of OMG is increasing in recovered paper because the consumption level of coated paper increases. In this study, nonionic surfactant and fatty acid were used as the de-inking agent for froth-flotation process of mixed recovered paper to investigate the effect of increased mixing ratio of OMG. De-inking efficiency of nonionic surfactant decreased as the mixing ratio of OMG increased; ink removal efficiency of froth-flotation is poor, however, the reject ratio increases due to ash from OMG. In comparison with nonionic surfactant, the ash from OMG had a little effect on reject ratio and optical properties of fatty acid applied flotation accept. If nonionic surfactant and fatty acid are added to pulper and flotation cell sequentially, excessive ash from OMG may not give an adverse effect on de-inking efficiency of mixed recovered paper.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 1998

Drag reduction produced by dilute solution of water soluble ionic polymer-surfactant complex under turbulent flow in a rotating disk apparatus(RDA) was investigated in this study. Three different molecular weights of polyacrylic acid(PAA) were adopted as drag reducing additives, and distilled water was used as a solvent. Experiments were undertaken to observe the dependence of drag reduction on various factors such as polymer molecular weight, molecular expansions and flexibility, rotating speed of the disk and polymer concentration. Specific considerations were put on conformational difference between surfactant and polymer, and effect of pH on ionic polymer possessing various molecular conformation through pH. The complex of ionic polymer and surfactant(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) behaves like a large polyelectrolyte. Surfactant changes the polymer conformation and then increases the dimension of the polymer. The radius of gyration, hydrodynamic volume and relative viscosity of the polymer-surfactant system are observed to be greater than those of polymer itself. Such surfactant-polymer complex has enhanced drag reduction properties.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2020

In this study, the O/W emulsions prepared from coconut oil and the non-ionic mixed surfactant as Tween-Span system were evaluated and optimized in order to upgrade the stability of manufactured emulsions. For the optimization, a central composite design model-response surface methodology, so called as CCD-RSM was implemented. Quantitative factors were the hydrophile-lipophilie balance (HLB), amount of non-ionic mixed surfactant and emulsification speed while experimental results included the mean droplet size (MDS), emulsion stability index (ESI), and thermal instability index (TII). Optimized values of the HLB, amount of non-ionic mixed surfactant and emulsification speed obtained from CCD-RSM were 9.1, 8.7 wt.%, and 6,200.8 rpm, respectively. Expected experimental results for MDS, ESI, and TII under the optimized experimental condition were 151.0 nm, 99.86, and 3.17%, respectively. The average error from actual experiments which established for validation of the conclusions was lower than 3.5%. Therefore, a highly favorable level could be obtained when the optimized CCD-RSM was applied to manufacturing the O/W emulsion in this study.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.317-322
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• 1988

Premicellar precipitation, resolubilization and luminescing behaviors of $RuL_3^{2+}$ (L = bpy, phen, $Me_2bpy$) in aqueous alkylsulfate and sulfonate solutions were studied. Addition of the anionic surfactants to $RuL_3\;^{2+}$ solutions caused initial precipitation which was redissolved by further addition of the surfactants. The apparent solubility products $K_{sp}$'s of the precipitates were evaluated assuming 1:2 salt formation. The values were smaller as the ligand is more hydrophobic and the length of hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant is longer. The $K_{sp}$ values for L = bpy were constant over wide surfactant concentration range. However, those for L = $Me_2bpy$ and also for phen, but to less extent, increased with the surfactant concentration. The resolubilization of 1:2 salts was followed by red-shift of emission band and extensive emission quenching above critical concentration of the surfactants. The critical concentration was lower for more hydrophobic surfactant. For L = $Me_2bpy$, the blue-shifted emission band with enhanced emission intensity was observed in intermediate surfactant concentration region. The high ionic strength of media prevented the precipitate formation, but facilitated the red-shift of the emission bands. The results support that the precipitate is dissolved by accretion of surfactant anions to the salts to form water-soluble surfactant-rich $RuL_3$-surfactant anionic species. These species appeared to aggregate cooperatively to produce large clusters which exhibited the red-shifted emission.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.170-174
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• 2008

ZnS-polymer gel films were prepared with incorporating mesoporous ZnS synthesized by surfactant-assisted templating process and poly (vinylidene fluoride)-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (P(VDF-HFP)) in order to observe the variation of ionic conductivities according to the various weight ratios between ZnS and P(VDF-HFP). Ionic conductivities for each gel electrolyte were measured with increasing temperature. As a result, ionic conductivities increased with increasing the amount of ZnS and temperature. In particular, the films with 20 and 25 wt% ZnS were found that they possessed the high ionic conductivity of approximately $10^{-4}Scm^{-1}$ at room temperature. However, above 20 wt% of ZnS, the enhancement of ionic conductivity was not observed. For the characterization of ZnS and the gel electrolyte, XRD (x-ray diffractometer), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), FT-IR (fourier transform-infrared spectrometer), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) were employed. Ionic conductivities were measured by a.c. impedance method.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.385-390
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• 2005

The electrospinning process is a fascinating method to fabricate small nanosized fibers of diameter several hundred nanometers. Surfactant-polymer solutions were prepared by adding poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) to distilled water with cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and non-ionic surfactants. Average diameter of the electrospun PVOH fibers prepared from PVOH solution was over 300 nm, and was decreased to 150 nm for the mixture of PVOH/amphoteric surfactant. To explain the formation of ultra fine fiber, the characteristic properties in a mixture of PVOH/surfactant such as surface tension, viscosity, and conductivity were determined. In this paper, the effect of interactions between polymers with different classes of surfactants on the morphological and mechanical properties of electrospun PVOH nonwoven mats was broadly investigated.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2002

Recently, a thermal energy storage system has been developed actively fur the purpose of saving energy and reducing the peak electrical demand. Especially, ice slurry is a promising working fluid for low temperature energy storage systems. A flow of ice crystals has a large cooling capacity as a result of the involvement of latent heat. However, there are still problems related to the recrystallization of ice crystals for realizing long term storage and long distance transportation. To find improvements fur this, a method for the creation of ice crystals resistant to recrystallization has been proposed and researched by the use of an antifreeze protein (AFP) solution etc. In the present study, it has been investigated the growth of ice crystal in several kinds of water solution added non-ionic surfactant. The results shows that size of ice crystal was smaller with increasing in added surfactant. And ice crystal was not increased with added surfactant.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.799-805
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• 2008

In general, anionic and cationic surfactants are incompatible because their mixtures form insoluble complexes and precipitate in the water. There are, however, some equimolar complexes of anionic and cationic surfactant that are soluble and behave like regular surfactants, specifically like nonionic surfactants, thus named pseudo-nonionic surfactant complexes. Pseudo-nonionic complexes are more effective and efficient in surface activities than their ionic surfactant components as shown by their equilibrium and dynamic surface tensions. They pack at the interface more than their ionic components. When a novel cationic surfactant, diglyceryl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DGDAC), having the polyhydroxyl group at the hydrophilic head group, was mixed with a conventional anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS) at equimolar ratio, we found that the aqueous equimolar mixture showed strong positive synergism in which molecular interaction parameter ${\beta}^M$ was very low, -17.2. According to the studies of equilibrium phase behavior and microscopy, this mixed system could form homogenous solutions containing vesicles.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.302-310
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• 2002

Demand for organic analysis increase as industries are growing and many products are spreaded in the daily life. One of many products is oil spill dispersant. It was used for oil accident in the ocean. When oil spill dispersant spread at the ocean, the petroleum in the ocean is dispersed. The oil spill dispersant is made of non ionic surfactant and petroleum oil. The non ionic surfactant disperse petroleum from oil accident. The other part is petroleum oil which has aromatic hydrocarbon. Because the aromatic hydrocarbon is cancerogenic material, it directly injure animals in the ocean. This cause the second pollution in the human body. Many oil accidents still are controlled by oil spill dispersant. Therefore quality control of the oil spill dispersant become important and this also demand for the exact quantitative analysis of aromatic hydrocarbon. Hereupon the first we develop separate petroleum oil from surfactant. The second standardize analytical method of aromatic hydrocarbon in the separated petroleum oil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.680-688
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• 2004

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated to investigate the degradation and removal of non-ionic surfactant, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) in wastewater using lab scale experimental apparatus. About 5mg/L of NPEO was introduced and only < 0.1mg/L of NPEOs and nonylphenol(NP) in total was detected in treated effluent. In the effluent, long chain ethoxylates (NPEO12-15) were not detected, but short chain ethoxylates (NPEO1,2) were in relatively high concentration. NPEOs in the mixed liquor disappeared more rapidly in anaerobic condition than in aerobic condition.