• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2011

In this work, an optimum condition of electrolytes preparation for photovoltaic cells application was investigated experimentally in terms of impedance and conversion efficiency of the cells. 3-methoxyppropionitrie and redox pairs with LiI and $I_2$ were used as stable solvents for fabrication of electrolyte. Efficiency comparison of the prepared cells carried out for various additives and ionic liquids. From the results, there was an optimum concentration (about 0.3 M) of ionic liquids for efficient cell fabrication. For case of electrolyte using single DMAp additive, the maximum conversion efficiency of the cell was 6.4%($V_{oc}$: 0.78V, $J_{sc}$: 14.4 mA/$cm^2$, ff: 0.57). For case of electrolyte using both DMAp and CEMim additives, the maximum conversion efficiency of the cell was 7.2%($V_{oc}$: 0.79V, $J_{sc}$: 16 mA/$cm^2$, ff: 0.57). From the result of electrochemical impedance measurement, both Z1 and Z3 values of binary additives-based cell decreased compared to those of single additive-based. This is due to the decreased in internal and charge transfer resistivities of the cells.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.920-923
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• 2000

All solid-state thin film supercapacitor(TFSC) based on $RuO_2$ electrode was fabricated. Ruthenium oxide$(RuO_2)$ thin film was deposited on Pt/Ti/Si subsrate by d.c. magnetron sputtering. LiPON(lithium phosphorus oxynitride) thin film were deposited by r.f. reactive sputtering. X-ray diffraction patterns of $RuO_2$ and LiPON films revealed that crystal structures of both films were amorphous. To decrease resistivity of $RuO_2$ thin film, $RuO_2$ thin film was deposited with $H_2O$ vapor. In order to decide the maximum ionic conductivity, the LiPON films were prepared by various sputtering condition. The maximum ionic conductivity was $9.5\times{10}^7S/cm$. A charge-discharge measurements showed the capacity of $3\times{10-2}\;F/cm^2-\mu{m}$ for the as-fabricated TFSC. The discharging efficiency was decreased after 500 cycles by 40 %.

• 천문학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2008

Using the spectral data in the 3700 to $10050{\AA}$ wavelength range secured with the Hamilton Echelle Spectrograph (HES) at the Lick observatory, we have investigated the expansion velocities and the physical conditions of the elliptical planetary nebula NGC 6803. Various forbidden and permitted lines, e.g. HI, HeI, HeII, [OIII], [NII], [ArIII], and [SII], indicate complicated but systematic physical conditions variation: electron temperatures $T_{\varepsilon}\;{\sim}\;9000$ - 11000 K and electron number densities $N_{\varepsilon}\;{\sim}\;2000$ - $9000\;cm^{-3}$. The line profile analysis of these ions also indicates the systematic change or the acceleration of the expansion velocities in the range of 10 - $22\;km\;s^{-1}$. We show that the velocity gradient and physical condition found in various ions are closely related to the prolate ellipsoidal structure of NGC 6803. The expansion velocity and the ionic abundance of $O^{2+}$ were derived based on the OII and [OIII] lines. In spite of the discrepancy of ionic abundances derived by the two cases and their line profiles, the expansion velocities of them agree well. We find that the ratios of the red to blue line component of the HeII & OII lines are different from those of the [OIII] or other forbidden lines that indicates a possible involvement of emission of HeII & OII lines. This subtle difference and the different physical condition of the lines are likely to be caused by the elongated geometry and the latitude dependence of the emission zone.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2008

PET fabrics were cationized via photografting under continuous UV irradiation with a cationic monomer. The grafted PET was dyed with three acid dyes. Effect of dye concentration, dyeing time, temperature and pH on acidic dyeing of the cationized PET fabrics was assessed to find optimal dyeing condition. The cationized fabrics was successfully dyed at $75^{\circ}C$ under pH 5.5. However the dyeing sites of the grafted fabrics were nearly occupied above 5%owf dye concentration and the rapid exhaustion of the anionic dyes was observed. The dyeability of the cationized PET fabrics was increased proportionally with increasing percent grafting because of the introduction of ionic attraction between quaternary ammonium groups and acid dyes. Lower dyeability both at alkaline and pH 3 condition attributed to negative zeta potentials of the grafted fabrics and the reduced charge of the acid dyes respectively.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2013

The variation of the stable region of arsenic compounds in aqueous environment with temperature has been investigated by constructing the Pourbaix diagram of arsenic at different temperatures. The standard potential corresponding to the boundary between arsenic compounds with different charge valence was estimated to be decreased with temperature, which means the stability of arsenic compound with +5 charge valence increases. The distribution diagram of the most highly oxidized arsenic compound showed that arsenic acid is formed at higher pH and arsenate is generated at lower pH as temperature rises. The aquatic toxicity due to arsenic compounds was considered to be decreased with temperature in the neutral pH condition based on the $LD_T$ value defined in this study.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.119-129
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• 2005

The ambient TSP data measured at Seoul, Incheon. Taean, Daegu, Busan in Korea were used to explain the chemical composition and general features of Asian Dust (AD) observed in Korea. 9 episodes out of 19 were sampled from 2000 through May 2002, and measurements were conducted covering ionic and metal components with mass concentration. The results showed that daily averaged mass concentration (TSP) during the AD episodes was 458 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, and ionic and metal concentrations were 27.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 71.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively, accounting for 6.1 % and 15.5% of the total aerosol mass. TSP concentrations during episodes were varied from 120 to 1742 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ according to the impact of Asian Dusts and had a tendency of showing higher values at sites in the west side of Korea, which can be explained by the effect of diffusion and deposition. In this study, ionic components like Ca (NO$_3$)$_2$, CaSO$_4$, NaNO$_3$, Na$_2$SO$_4$ were prominent types in secondary aerosol during AD periods and also indicated that V, Co as well as soil elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, K correlated well with Al, while Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn didn't agree well with it. In addition, enrichment factors (EFs) for each metal component were obtained to provide simple information about source contribution of Asian Dust, and the results were compared with those from other AD studies. In this study, the results showed that aerosol properties in Korea during the Asian Dust were considerably different from those of general atmospheric condition and specially varied from case to case rather than site to site, which implies that there are certain variations in the soil of source region, pathways of air mass, and meteorological condition. For the enhanced study, those factors should be combined with the features of Asian Dust resolved from this study.

• 공업화학
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.606-614
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 palm oil과 서로 다른 HLB (hydrophile-lipophilie balance) value를 갖는 Tween-Span계 비이온성 계면활성제를 혼합하여 O/W (oil in water) 유화액을 제조하고, 유화액의 유화안정성을 향상시키기 위한 최적 유화조건을 결정하였다. 이를 위해 CCD-RSM (central composite design model-response surface methodology)을 이용하여 각 계량인자의 주효과 및 교호효과를 해석하였으며, 두 가지 반응치를 동시에 만족하는 최적조건을 결정하였다. CCD-RSM의 계량인자로는 유화시간, 유화속도, HLB value, 계면활성제의 첨가량 등을 설정하고, 반응치로는 O/W 유화액의 점도와 평균액적크기를 설정하였다. CCD-RSM 최적화 분석결과 반응치인 O/W 유화액이 점도와 평균액적크기의 목표치를 동시에 부합하는 최적조건은 유화시간(12.7 min), 유화속도(5,551 rpm), HLB value (8.0), 계면활성제의 첨가량(5.7 wt.%)으로 산출되었으며, 이 조건에서의 CCD-RSM 예측결과는 점도(1,551 cP)와 평균액적크기(432 nm)이었다. 이 조건의 실제 실험 결과 오차율은 2.5% 이하로 나타나 O/W 유화액 제조과정에 CCD-RSM 최적화 분석을 적용할 경우 비교적 높은 유의수준의 만족하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 coconut oil과 Tween-Span계 혼합계면활성제를 사용하여 O/W 유화액을 제조하고 유화안정성을 향상시키기 위한 유화조건을 최적화하였다. 이를 위해 최적화과정은 CCD-RSM (central composite design model-response surface methodology)를 이용하였다. 계량인자로는 HLB (hydrophile-lipophilie balance) value, 혼합계면활성제 첨가량, 유화속도 등을 설정하였으며, 반응치로는 평균액적크기(MDS), 유화액의 유화안정도지수(ESI), 열적 불안정도지수(TII)를 설정하였다. CCD-RSM 분석결과 3가지 반응치를 동시에 만족하는 최적조건으로 HLB value (9.1), 혼합계면활성제 첨가량(8.7 wt.%), 유화속도(6,200.8 rpm)로 산출되었으며, CCD-RSM 분석예상값은 MDS (151.0 nm), 유화액의 ESI (99.86%), TII (3.17%)로 나타났다. 이 조건에서의 실제실험 결과 오차율은 3.5% 이하로 나타나 본 연구에서의 O/W 유화액 제조과정에 CCD-RSM 최적화 분석을 적용할 경우 비교적 높은 유의수준의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1976

본 연구는 무단체 Pm-147 의 농도 및 pH 변화에 대하여 여과과정에서 막여과지(膜濾過紙)에 대한 흡착(吸着)상태를 조사하여 무단체 Pm-147의 용액(溶液)상태에 있어서 화학적(化學的)상태 및 흡착(吸着)상태에서의 Pm-147 의 화학적 상태에 관하여 연구하였다. 이와 아울러 방사능(放射能)물질의 담체(擔體)로 사용되는 $Fe(OH)_3$와의 공심(共沈)상태를 연구하였다. 무단체 Pm-147 수용액(水溶液)에서 $Pm^{3+}$ 상태로 족재하며 막(膜)여과지에 의한 여과과정에서 흡착(吸着)이 일어난다. 흡착상태(吸着狀態)는 pH에 따라 여러가지 이온상태로 존재하고 있다. 즉 pH 5.0까지는 $Pm^{3+}$ 상태로 존재하며 $pH5.0{\sim}6.0$까지는 점차로 $Pm(OH)^{2+}$ 상태로 옮아가며 pH 6.0 이상에서는 $Pm(OH)^{2+}$에서 $Pm(OH)_2^+$, $Pm(OH)_3$ 상태로 흡착(吸着)상태로 흡착상태가 이동한다. $Fe^{3+}$와 $Pm^{3+}$의 공심(共沈)은 $F(OH)_3$에 대한 $Pm^{3+}$의 흡착이며 높은 pH 및 Fe 담체(擔體)의 양(量)에 따라 $Pm(OH)^{2+}$ 및 $Pm(OH)_2^+$등의 상태로 나타나고 있다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2015

본 연구는 이온수기의 필터에 관련된 것으로 요즘 건강에 많은 관심을 가지고 있는 물은 그 종류도 매우 다양하다. 그 중에서 이온 수기는 의료기기로 분류되어 식약청에서 승인을 거친 후 제조할 수 있고, 기능을 가지고 있는 물을 만드는 시스템이다. 이온 수기는 기본적으로 저장되고 포장된 물이 아니며 이온 수기는 수도나 지하수에 직접 연결되어 여러 가지 필터를 통해 깨끗하게 정수된 pH7~7.5의 중성수를 격막을 이용하여 전기 분해하면 물속에 있는 음이온과 양이온을 격막을 통해서 -전극 쪽에는 칼슘($Ca^+$), 칼륨($K^+$), 마그네슘($Mg^+$), 나트륨($Na^+$)을 포함한 물로 인체에 유익한 미네랄이 포함된 알칼리이온수를 얻을 수 있다. 일반적으로 이온수기에서 전기분해의 전압의 크기를 조절하여 Ph농도를 5~9까지 변화를 주어 사용한다. 통상1단(pH8), 2단(pH8.5), 3단(pH9), 4단(pH9.5)으로 알칼리 이온 수에 사용되고 -1단(pH6.0), -2단(pH5.0)의 산성이온수로 사용하고 있다. 그런데 초기 필터의 상태를 확인해 보면 직수에서 필터를 통과한 정수상태에서 물은 약알칼리로 출수된다는 것이 큰 문제이다. 따라서 초기에 설정된 이온수의 pH값은 필터가 안정화된 후 값은 전혀 틀린 값이 나온다는 것을 확인하였다. 즉 초기에 설정된 이온수기의 pH 값은 사용 중 크게 변화하여 참값이 될 수 없음을 규명하였다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 필터를 일정시간 통수 세척을 해서 사용하거나 필터의 초기 산성화 처리를 해서 중성화하여야 할 것으로 판단된다.