• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1969

To clarify the hematologic effects of the radioiodine ($^{131}I$) in therapeutic doses ($5{\sim}10$ mCi) on the various thyroid patients, authors studied the peripheral blood pictures of 396 goitrous patients before and after radioiodine ($^{131}I$) administrations in the Isotope Clinic of Seoul National University Hospital. Among these 396 cases of goiters, we gave 5 to 10 mCi of radioiodine ($^{131}I$) with single or fractionated administrations. The blood pictures of peripheral blood were repeated after 3 months in 40 cases of 65 cases who had been treated with $^{131}I$. The blood pictures of non-treated thyroid patients were compared with that of normal Korean values to clarify any difference between normal and goiter. The blood pictures of hyperthyroid patients treated with $^{131}I$ therapy were compared with the blood pictures of non-treated thyroid patients. The results were as following: 1) The incidence according to type: Toxic diffuse goiter: 35.4% Nontoxic nodular goiter: 29.7% Euthyroid: 13.8% Nontoxic diffuse goiter: 12.6% Hypothyroidism: 4.3% Thyroiditis($\bar{s}$ subacute form): 1.8% Toxic nodular goiter: 1.4% Malignancy: 1.0% 2) Age incidence: The range of distribution was 11 to 71 years. The peak incidence was found in the 4th decade of life. $80.6{\sim}82.6%$ of those 396 cases were found among the 3rd, 4th and the 5th decades of life. 3) Sex incidence: Sex ratio of male:female was 1:7.8. 4) The most outstanding findings in peripheral blood before treatment were decreased erythrocyte count and hemoglobin value in all types of thyroid diseases, especially in. the cases of hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. Hook worm-infested patients showed no significant difference in erythrocytes and hemoglobin values from those of other hook worm free patients. 5) Total leukocytes count was within normal range. Differential count of W.B.C. showed increased percentile of lymphocyte in diffuse toxic goiter and thyroiditis. 6) 39 cases of diffuse goiter treated with $^{131}I$ toxic showed amelioration in the anemia and restoration to normal range of lymphocyte count in association with increased percentile of neutrophiles 3 months after administration, except a case of toxic nodular goiter. One can observe anemia in slight degree, and increased lymphocytes count in hypothyroidism. Therapeutic dose of radioiodine ($^{131}I$) does not result any residual effect on the hematopoietic function. Radioiodine ($^{131}I$) therapy resulted in improvement of thyroid function in association of amelioration of pevious abnormal blood pictures. 7) Authors did not observe any myxedema resulted from radioiodine therapy during the 3 months period in this study.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

A model for evaluating radioactive contamination in the urban environment, named METRO-K, was developed as a basic step for accident consequence analysis in case of an accidental release. The three kind of radionuclides $(^{137}Cs,\;^{106}Ru,\;^{131}I)$ and the different chemical forms of iodine (particulate, organic and elemental forms) are considered in the model. The radioactive concentrations are evaluated for the five types of surface (roof, paved road, wall, lawn/soil, tree) as a function of time. Using the model, the contaminative impacts of the surfaces were intensively investigated with respect to with and without precipitation during the measurement periods of radionuclides in air. In addition, a practical application study was conducted using $^{137}Cs$ concentration in air and precipitation measured in an European country at the Chernobyl accident. As a result precipitation was an influential factor in surface contamination. The degree of contamination was strongly dependent on the types of radionuclide and surface. Precipitation was more influential in contamination of $^{137}Cs$ than that of $^{131}I$ (elemental form).

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.322-326
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• 2006

A low iodine diet (LID) for $1{\sim}2$ weeks is recommended for patients who undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation. However, the LID educations for patients are different among centers because there is no concrete recommendation for protocol of LID. In this investigation, we compared two representative types of LID protocols performed in several centers in Korea using urine iodine to creatinine ratio (urine I/Cr). Methods: From 2006, April to June, patients referred to our center for radioiodine remnant ablation of thyroid cancer from several local hospitals which had different LID protocols were included. We divided into two groups, stringent LID for 1week and less stringent LID for 2 weeks, then measured their urine I/Cr ratio with spot urine when patients were admitted to the hospital. Results: Total 27 patients were included in this investigation (M:F=1:26; 13 in one-week stringent LID; 14 in two-week less stringent LID. Average of urine I/Cr ratio was $127.87{\pm}78.52{\mu}g/g$ in stringent LID for 1 week, and $289.75{\pm}188.24{\mu}g/g$ in less stringent LID for 2 weeks. It was significantly lower in stringent LID for 1 week group (p=0.008). The number of patients whose urine I/Cr ratios were below $100{\mu}g/g$ was 6 of 13 in stringent LID for 1 week group, and 3 of 14 in less stringent LID for 2 weeks group. Conclusion: Stringent LID for 1 week resulted in better urinary I/Cr ratio in our investigation compared with the other protocol. However it still resulted in plenty of inadequate range of I/Cr ratio, so more stringent protocol such as stringent LID for 2 weeks is expected more desirable.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2007

This study evaluated the bactericidal effect of 10 sanitizers and disinfectants such as ethanol (75 and 95%), iodine (15 and 25 ppm), chlorine (100 and 200 ppm), quaternary ammonium, acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxide acetic acid against V. parahaemolyticus. Ten strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from Korean foods and 4 strains of standard V. parahaemolyticus were compared for efficacies of various sanitizers and disinfectants by EN 1276 method based on quantitative suspension test. Ethanol (75 and 95%), 25 ppm of iodine, 100 ppm of quaternary ammonium, 145 ppm of hydrogen peroxide and acid showed more than $5log_{10}CFU/mL$ reduction in both clean and dirty conditions. Tests result of chlorine (100 ppm) showed more than $5log_{10}CFU/mL$ reduction in clean condition. Iodine (15 ppm) showed more than $5log_{10}CFU/mL$ reduction except 4 isolated and 1 standard V. parahaemolyticus in clean condition. iodine (15 ppm) also showed under $5log_{10}CFU/mL$ reduction $(0.93{\sim}3.73log_{10}CFU/mL)$ in dirty condition. Eleven hundred ppm of hydrogen peroxide was evaluated as weak sanitizer and disinfectant due to their $0.99{\sim}4.79log_{10}CFU/mL$ reduction on both clean and dirty conditions. Consequently, ethanol, iodine (25 ppm), chlorine (200 ppm), quaternary ammonium, acid and peroxide acetic acid were thought to be effective sanitizer and disinfectant against V. parahaemolyticus.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1977

Radioactive iodine(RAI), principally $^{131}I$, effectively controls hyperthyroidism in the majority of patients. The subsequent development of hypothyroidism, however, has been of increasing concern since it was first pointed out by Chapman and Maloof in 1955. And the steady increase of late hypothyroidism during the passage of time was known with its relation with dosage of RAI. The authors have investigated the development of hypothyroidism in 935 patients with diffuse toxic goiter(DTG) who were treated with ($RAI^{131}I$) at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1960 to 1977 to reveal its relation with the number of RAI treatments, dosage of RAI, age of patients and exophthalmos with the following results. 1) The incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI therapy among 631 patients with DTG who were treated with single RAI regimen was 7.4%(1 year), 11.8%(2 year), 16.2%(3 year), 22.1%(4 year) and 25.5%(5 year), and that among 163 patients given multiple RAI treatments was 8.6%(1 year), 10.4%(2 year), 13.3%(3 year), 29.1%(4 year), and 54.1%(5 year)respectively showing much higher year1y increments from 4 years after RAI treatment. in comparison with the former. 2) Among 550 patients in the lower dose group treated with single RAI regimen less than 5.0mCi ($Mean{\pm}S.D.:\;4.3{\pm}0.6mCi$), the incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI treatment was 6.8%(1 year), 11.4%(2 year), 15.4%(3 year), while among 81 patients in the higher dose group given single RAI treatment not less than 5.5 mCi ($Mean{\pm}S.D.:\;6.3{\pm}0.5mCi$) it was 12.0%(1 year), 15.4%(2 year) and 20.4%(3 year) respectively. However, the duration till euthyroid state after RAI therapy in the two groups was $5.1{\pm}3.6$ months and $4.8{\pm}2.8$ months respectively showing no statistically signficant difference (p>0.1). 4) The incidence of hypothyroidism after RAI treatment in patients younger than 30 years of age was 4.3%(1 year) and 7.7%(2 year); in patients from 30 years to 49 years of age, 5.8%(1 year) and 11.1%(2 year); and in those older than 50 years, 11.0%(1 year) and 14.4%(2 year). The data revealed rising incidence of hypothyroidism with increase of patients' age. 4) Among 116 patients with exophthalmos the incidence of hypothyroidism by year after RAI treatment was 7.1%(1 year) and 12.1%(2 year) while that among 184 patients without exophthalmos was 7.3%(1 year) and 12.2%(2 year) respectively. With the above data the authors could conclude that the hypothyroidism in patients with DTG who were treated by RAI developed more frequently than reported by others in Korea till now, and increased with the passage of time, the yearly increments from 4 years after RAI treatment increasing markedly in the multiple dose group, and the incidence could be reduced by decreasing the administered RAI doe not increasing the duration till euthyroid state after RAI therapy.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2013

Purpose: I-131 is a radioisotope widely used for thyroid gland treatments. The physical half life is 8.01 and characterized by emitting beta and gamma rays which is used in clinical practice for the purpose of acquiring treatment and images. In order to reduce the recurrence rate after surgery in high-risk thyroid cancer patients, the remaining thyroid tissue is either removed or the I-131 is used for treatment during relapse. In cases of using a high dosage of radioactive iodine requiring hospitalization, the patient is administered dosage in the hospital isolation ward over a certain period of time preventing I-131 exposure to others. By checking the radiation amount emitted from patients before discharge, the patients are discharged after checking whether they meet the legal standards (50 uSv/h). After patients are discharged from the hospital, the contamination level is checked in many parts of the ward before the next patients are hospitalized and when necessary, decontamination operations are performed. It is expected that there is exposure to radiation when measuring the ward contamination level and dose check emitted from patients at the time of discharge whereby the radiation exposure by health workers that come from the patients in this process is the main factor. This study analyzed the correlation between discharge dose of patients and ward contamination level through a variety of factors such as renal functions, gender, age, dosage, etc.). Materials and Method: The study was conducted on 151 patients who received high-dosage radioactive iodine treatment at Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital during the period between 8/1/2011~5/31/2012 (Male: Female: 31:120, $47.5{\pm}11.9$, average dosage of $138{\pm}22.4$ mCi). As various factors expected to influence the patient discharge dose & ward contamination such as the beds, floors, bathroom floors, and washbasins, the patient renal function (GFR), age, gender, dosage, and the correlation between the expected Tg & Tg-Tb expected to reflect the remaining tissue in patients were analyzed. Results: In terms of the discharge dose and GFR, a low correlation was shown in the patient discharge dose as the GFR was higher (p < 0.0001). When comparing the group with a dosage of over 150mCi and the group with a lower dosage, the lower dosage group showed a significantly lower discharge dose ($24{\pm}10.4uSv/h$ vs $28.7{\pm}11.8uSv/h$, p<0.05). Age, gender, Tg, Tg-Tb did not show a significant relationship with discharge dose (p> 0.05). The contamination level in each spot of the treatment ward showed no significant relationship with GFR, Tg, Tg-Tb, age, gender, and dosage (p>0.05 ). Conclusion: This study says that discharge of the dose in the patient's body is low in GFR higher and Dosage 150mCi under lower. There was no case of contamination of the treatment ward, depending on the dose and renal association. This suggests that patients' lifestyles or be affected by a variety of other factors.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1967

The iodine containing radiopharmaceuticals, Hippuran, L-Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Rose Bengal, RISA, MAA, Triolein, Oleic acid and sterilized iodide solution were prepared. The labelling yield was av. 100-70%. The exchange method, iodination method, and chloramine-T procedure for a low temperature iodination were adopted as the preparative procedures. The preparative procedures and pyrogen free test of products were described and the distribution activity of the products in this institute was reported.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

In mass casualty situation due to radiological accidents, it is important to start aggressive management with rapid triage decisions. External contamination needs immediate decontamination and internal contamination should be treated with special expertise and equipment to prevent the rapid uptake of radionuclides by target organs. Acute radiation syndrome shows a sequence of events that varies with the severity of the exposure. More severe exposures generally lead to more rapid onset of symptoms and severe clinical findings. After the massive exposure, various systems of the body reflect their severe damages that can lead to death within hours or up to several months. The disease progression has classically been divided into four stages: prodromal, latent, manifest illness, and recovery or death. Three characteristic clusters of symptoms including the hematopoietic syndrome, the gastrointestinal syndrome and the cerebrovascular syndrome are all associated with the acute radiation syndrome. The standard medical management of the patients with a potentially survivable radiation exposure includes good medical, surgical and supportive measures. Specific treatment with cytokines and bone marrow transplantation should be considered. The management of internal contamination is much the same as the treatment of poisoning. The standard decontamination should be applied to reduce uptake, and the chelating agents can be administered to enhance the clearance of radioisotopes. Radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) as one of the nuclear fission products can increase the incidence of thyroid cancer in children. Potential benefit of potassium iodide prophylaxis is greater especially in neonates, infants and small children.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 1996

Brain metastasis is extremely rare in thyroid papillary carcinoma which has an indolent clinical course and results in good prognosis. A 24-year-old man presenting with seizure attack is described. He had been treated under the diagnosis of thyroid papillary carcinoma with total thyroidectomy, postoperative internal radiation with radioactive iodine, and thyroid hormone replacement. Although $^{99m}$Tc brain spect and $^{131}$I whole body scan did not revealed any significant lesion, brain CT and MRI showed lcm sized mass in frontal lobe. Stereotactic craniotomy and removal of the tumor, which was histologically proven metastatic lesion from thyroid papillary carcinoma, was done with satisfactory improvement.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.118-126
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• 2019

Background: Government conducts environmental radioactivity surveillance for verification purpose around nuclear facilities based on the Nuclear Safety Law and issues a surveillance report every year. This study aims to evaluate the short and the long-term fluctuation of radionuclides detected above MDC and their origins using concentration ratios between these radionuclides. Materials and Methods: Sample media for verification surveillance are air, rainwater, groundwater, soil, and milk for terrestrial samples, and seawater, marine sediment, fish, and seaweed for marine samples. Gamma-emitting radionuclides including $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, $^3H$, and $^{14}C$ are evaluated in these samples. Results and Discussion: According to the result of the environmental radioactivity verification surveillance in the vicinity of nuclear power facilities in 2017, the anthropogenic radionuclides were not detected in most of the environmental samples except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples. Radioactivity concentration ratios between the anthropogenic radionuclides ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$, $^{137}Cs/^{239+240}Pu$, $^{90}Sr/^{239+240}Pu$) were similar to those reported in the environmental samples, which were affected by the global fallout of the past nuclear weapon test, and Pu atomic ratios ($^{240}Pu/^{239}Pu$) in the terrestrial sample and marine sample showed significant differences due to the different input pathway and the Pu source. Radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) was detected at the range of < $5.6-190mBq{\cdot}kg-fresh^{-1}$ in the gulfweed and sea trumpet collected from the area of Kori and Wolsong intake and discharge. A high level of $^3H$ was observed in the air (Sangbong: $0.688{\pm}0.841Bq{\cdot}m^{-3}$) and the precipitation (Meteorology Post: $199{\pm}126Bq{\cdot}L^{-1}$) samples of the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP). $^3H$ concentration in the precipitation and pine needle samples showed typical variation pattern with the distance and the wind direction from the stack due to the gaseous release of $^3H$ in Wolsong NPP. Conclusion: Except for the detection of a trace level of $^{137}Cs$, $^{90}Sr$, Pu, and $^{131}I$ in some samples, anthropogenic radionuclides were below MDC in most of the environmental samples. Overall, no unusual radionuclides and abnormal concentration were detected in the 2017's surveillance result for verification. This research will be available in the assessment of environment around nuclear facilities in the event of radioactive material release.