• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.325-334
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• 2008

A biogeochemical model was used to estimate air-sea $CO_2$ exchange over the East China Sea. Since fresh water discharge from the Changjiang River and relevant chemistry were not considered in the employed model, we were not able to produce accurate results around the Changjiang River mouth. This factor aside, the model showed that the East China Sea, away from the Changjiang River mouth, takes approximately $1.5{\sim}2\;mole\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ of $CO_2$ from the atmosphere. The model also showed that biological factors modify the air-sea $CO_2$ flux by only a few percent when we assumed that biological activity increased two-fold. Therefore, we can argue that the biological effect is not strong enough over this area within the framework of the current phosphate-based biological model. Compared to the preindustrial era, in 1995 the East China Sea absorbed $0.4{\sim}0.8\;mole\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ more $CO_2$. If warming of the sea surface is considered, in addition to the increase in atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration, by 2045 the East China Sea would absorb $0.2{\sim}0.4\;mole\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ less $CO_2$ compared to the non-warming case.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.738-743
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• 2012

Topographic conditions of agricultural fields work as a important factor to identify different soil properties. This study was conducted to investigate the selected soil chemical properties and the concentrations of heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn, in the paddy fields of different topographic areas at four year intervals from 1999 to 2011. Three-hundred soil sampling sites in the paddy fields were selected from the different topographic areas that were local valley and fans, fluvio-marine deposits, alluvial plains, and diluvial terraces. The mean values of soil pH ranged 5.7~5.8 that were within optimal range for rice cultivation. The mean values of other properties such as soil organic matter (SOM) content, the concentrations of exchangeable cations, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$, and available silicate concentration were lower or close to the optimal values, but the mean concentrations of available phosphorus were exceeded the range of optimal value, $80{\sim}120mg\;kg^{-1}$, in many paddy fields. In particular, The concentrations of available phosphorus in the paddy fields of local valley and fans, alluvial plains, and fluvio-marine plains were mostly declined. However, in diluvial terrace areas, the phosphorus concentrations unexpectedly increased; furthermore, they were significantly higher than those in other topographic areas. The mean concentrations of 0.1 M HCl-extractable heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn, in the paddy fields were slightly and gradually declined during the study years, but the Pb concentrations were not statistically changed. In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals were widely ranged depending on the different sampling sites. Nevertheless, the concentrations of heavy metals were significantly lower than the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS) for agricultural lands (1-region) presented in Soil Environment Conservation Law (SECL).

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.601-616
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• 2014

This study's aim was to explore the relationships among consumers' perceived risk, trust, and familiarity with products made in China. We invited 489 Korean adult consumers, who had purchased products made in China earlier, to take part in this investigation. Data analyses were conducted using a reliability test, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS ver. 21.0 and AMOS ver. 21.0. We assumed that the perceived risk could be classified into four types: financial, performance, psychological, and social risk. The empirical verification through SEM indicated that all four types of the perceived risk represented a negative influence on the trust. Further, only the financial and psychological risks were significant when consumers were not familiar with products made in China (novice); in contrast, the experts (consumers familiar with products made in China) showed that the performance and social risks were effective. Finally, we found that there was a moderating effect of familiarity on the relationship between three types of perceived risk, namely financial, performance, and psychological risks, and trust, but the social risk was not affected. The results of this research should help us to understand the consumers' risk perception of imported goods and to formulate criteria on the basis of which the consumers evaluate these products. This research can help companies, particularly those in China, to formulate market strategies effectively when they enter a foreign market such as Korea by exploring the influence of the perceived risk on local consumers' purchasing behaviors as well.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.569-575
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• 1984

The characteristics of the stress corrosion cracking of SUS 304 stainless steel weldments were studied with the speciments of the constant displacement type under the environment of 42% MgC $l_{2}$ boiled solution (143.+.-.2.deg.C). The susceptibility of initiation and propagation of the stress corrosion crack was quantitatively inspected in the weld metal, heat affected zone and heat affected zone with including the reinforcement shape, respectively. Also, those susceptibility were discussed in connection with the change of mechanical and microstructural characteristics caused by heating cycle of welding. Main results obtained are as follows: (1)Stress corrosion cracking is easiest to initiate and propagate in the heat affected zone of weldment. (2)The susceptibility of stress corrosion cracking of the weldment is largely improved by eliminating the reinforcement part of the weld bead. (3)The dominant factor of the cracking susceptibility of the heat affected zone appeared to be the phenomenon of softening and sensitizing caused by welding heat cycle. (4)Under the low loading conditions, the behavior of stress corrosion cracking of the SUS 304 steel weldment is largely influenced by the pitting phenomenon in the front region of the main crack.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 2018

The restoration of the impaired stream ecosystem is an important part of river policies in Ministry of Environment (MoE). However, the diagnosing the impairment sources of stream ecosystem has been omitted on the current river projects and policies. This phenomena lead the remaining impairment sources keep influencing on negative effects on streams. Hence, it is critical to construct a diagnosis system of impairment sources in order to increase the efficiency of various river restoration projects and policies. Moreover, it is also important to understand the relative impact of socio-economic factors of the impairment of stream ecosystems so as to build a domestic diagnosis system in place. Therefore, the study aims to analyse the relative effects of socio-economic factors which are the source of the stream ecosystem impairments through implementing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). In order to achieve the goal, a list of socio-economic factors influencing the stream health has been derived. On the basis of the derived causes list, AHP questionnaire were carried out to the experts of aquatic ecology. The study results could be implemented to analysing the relative influence of socio-economic impairment causes in domestic stream environments. In addition, more case study investigation is needed to cross-check if the derived impairment causes and weights are applied in the field as well as to develop more reliable indicators.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.163-192
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the educational service of school libraries and to seek effective ways to revitalize the services following an analysis of the influence size and the cause and effect of each factor. For this, after deciding the variables through a comprehensive investigation based on documentary research, the variables were operationalized. These variables are school members' recognition and support, teacher librarians' expertise, cooperation between teachers and teacher librarians, the school curriculum, a shortage of teacher librarians' time, the educational environment and educational services. Fourteen hypotheses on the cause and effect among the seven variables were analyzed by applying SEM (Structural Equation Modeling). The result is that the key factors of educational services are teacher librarians' expertise, cooperation between subject teachers and teacher librarians, and the school curriculum. As a result, active methods for the educational services of school libraries were sought.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.382-392
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data on the development of a risk communication model through an investigation of risk perception for radon and identify effective risk communication channels. Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate differences in perception level according to respective communication channels. A chi-squared test was used to analyze the difference in pre- and post-risk communication by communication channel. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference in the radon risk perception rate for each communication channel. Results: All of the communication channels resulted in increased radon risk perception, but there was no statistical difference between them in terms of perception (p>0.05). However, based on previous findings that it is effective to use a multi-channel approach, it is considered that communication channels based on duplicate avenues is most appropriate. Conclusions: It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to better understand the formation of public opinion about radon risk and to understand the social reaction to each risk factor.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.455-472
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• 2013

This paper's aim is to explore how China's country image affects the product evaluations and purchase intentions through three major hypothesize. Four hundred eighty-nine Korean adult consumers, who have the purchase experiences of goods made in China before, were invited to take part in this investigation. Data analyses were conducted by reliability test, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with SPSS ver. 19.0 and AMOS ver. 18.0. This study focused on multi-dimensional country image and found that China's country image contains 5 elements (people, evolution, politic, economic and culture). Empirical verification through structural equation modeling indicates that the data offer substantial supports, such that China's country image represents the predominant influence on product evaluations and people, evolution, and politic image showed positive effects. Also, China's country image has a positive influence on the product purchase intentions directly (culture image) and indirectly (people, politics, and evolution image) through the product evaluations. Practical implications of findings will be discussed and suggested as follows. First, this study complements the lack of researches on China among the studies regarding country image. Secondly, research results would help us to understand the perception on China's country image of Korean consumers' and to seek the criteria by which consumers evaluate goods made in China. Finally, this research can help Chinese companies to make market strategies effectively when they entering Korean market by exploring the factors which have strong influences on Korean consumers' purchase behaviors.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.225-252
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• 2000

This study aims to examine theoretical frame work of franchise restaurant, the characteristics of store manager's job and the level of their job satisfaction through an empirical investigation. Job satisfaction survey study shows that store managers consider important all work to be attended to as part of their duty with service management on top. It is also found that the majority of store managers consider their aptitude as most important job satisfaction factor and those, who are satisfied with their job content, advancement and the prospect, are more proactive in delivering qualify service and more than willing to commit themselves to their duties. Regrading demographical variables, store managers with scholarly competence and higher pay level are more likely to be satisfied with their job but married men are not satisfied with the work environment in general. Ergo, Businesses should correspond by capitalizing on those store managers content with their duty thus collecting additional information and providing opportunities to further contribute to the business. For those dissatisfied individuals, however, businesses should determine their demands and by educational training supply a motive therefore making possible the conversion of such individuals to satisfied store managers and their active participation in business management. But, as with any study, this one has a number of limitation which constraints the generalizability of the empirical findings. It has not been for long since franchise restaurants established in domestic market and has been few studies regarding this topic there. Furthermore, managers are not willing to release operation related data. Therefore, further study are urged to overcome this limitation and should examine other dimensions of job satisfaction such as relations between revenue and profit with the level of store manager's job satisfaction remain to be investigated.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.257-265
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• 2017

In this study, a series of numerical simulations was conducted in order to design a truncated mooring line with a static similarity to the prototype. A finite element method based on minimizing the potential energy was utilized to describe the dynamics of mooring lines. The prototype mooring lines considered were installed at a water depth of 1,000 m, whereas the KRISO ocean engineering basin (OEB) in Daejeon has a water depth of 3.2 m, which represents 192 m using a scaling of 1:60. First, an investigation for the design of the truncated mooring line was carried out to match the static characteristics of the KRISO Daejeon OEB environment. Then, the same procedure was performed with the KRISO new deepwater ocean engineering basin (DOEB) that is under construction in Busan. This new facility has a water depth of 15 m, which reflects a real scale depth of 900 m considering the 1:60 scaling factor. A finite element method was used to model the mooring line dynamics. It was found that the targeted truncated mooring line could not be designed under the circumstances of the KRISO OEB with any material properties, whereas several mooring lines were easily matched to the prototype under the circumstances of the KRISO DOEB.