• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2004

The concectration and distribution of contaminants obtained from a contaminated land investigation or an environmental geochemistry survey constitutes the basis of a decision-making process on environmental policies or of scientific researches. As the quality of data determines the reliability of the result, the investigation plan should be adjusted according to the purpose of the investigation. In general, the effort to improve the data quality had been focused mainly on the QA/QC procedures in laboratories. The rapid progress of analytical instrument has also contributed toward improving the analytical precision to a sacrificable degree. Nevertheless, in many cases, it is not the analytical precision that needs improvement for the better precision of overall measurement process: it is rather during the sampling process in the field that is responsible for the poor precision. To assess the data quality on a measured value, ISO recommends to provide information on "measurement uncertainty" along with the measured value. The measurement uncertainty in an environmental measurement context can be explained as the statistical number that expresses the degree of the uncertainty stemming from the sampling and analytical procedures. There is a cost involved in order to improve the precision of sampling and analytical methods so as to decrease the degree of measurement uncertainty. The economical point of compromise in an investigation planning can be achieved when the allowable degree of uncertainty has been set before-hand. The investigation can then be planned accordingly not to exceed the uncertainty limit. Furthermore, if the measurement uncertainty estimated from the preliminary investigation can be separated into sampling and analytical uncertainties, it can be used as a criterion where the resources for the investigation should be allotted cost-effectively to reinforce the weakest link of the whole investigation process. This paper aims to present a method of estimating the level of measurement uncertainty of a measured contamination concentration at a site used as an example and to show how the estimated uncertainty can be applied to serve the particular purpose of an investigation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.1076-1085
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• 2009

Recent heavy rains and typhoons broke down road slopes, which caused a hazard to safety. As a result, interests in the effective investment for disaster prevention is increasing. Measures of investigation method for slope have been taken, but the financial costs have never been analysed. This study applied the cost-benefit analysis theory used in public economics to the evaluation of the financial reasonability of management for slope. By applying cost-benefit analysis to road slope investigation method, the reduction of safety costs and resulting financial benefits can be seen and it also clarifies the reasonability and investment effects of slope management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.246-247
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• 2019

This study was conducted to provide useful information to enable planned repair and cost planning during the operation and maintenance phase of aged multi-family housing. For this purpose, The concept of probabilistic maintenance cost analysis considering the risk factors of the aged multi-family housing is presented in the following six steps. 1. Risk factor investigation and analysis 2. Classification and deriving of maintenance cost 3. Investigation and deriving cost maintenance cost of old apartment house 4. Analysis of expert questionnaire 5. Analysis of Monte -Carlo simulation 6. Probabilistic maintenance cost Deriving the result. This study has limitations that need to be verified by applying actual data.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.21-33
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• 2023

Purpose: To study, analyze, and investigate how to improve the service quality distribution and perceived value of passenger loyalty in low-cost airlines in Thailand. Research Design, data, and methodology: The data was collected from low-cost airline passengers who had used low-cost airlines within Thailand more than twice in the last 12 months. In total, 632 questionnaires were received, representing 97.32%, and in-depth interviews were done using the semi-structured technique. The key informants were either executives or representatives from 4 low-cost airlines operating in Thailand. We utilized structural modeling techniques to examine the data relevant to the investigation. Results: The results show that low-cost airline passengers in Thailand have strong opinions about the perceived value of the passenger loyalty of low-cost airlines within this sector of the Thai air travel industry. The variables were sorted in order of importance and included passenger loyalty, satisfaction, trust, perceived value, and service quality distribution. The relationship between the service quality distribution variables and the significance in relation to passenger loyalty according to low-cost airlines in Thailand showed that service quality distribution had a positive effect on perceived value and that passenger satisfaction has a direct positive effect on passenger loyalty. Conclusions: The 8 QPSTL strategy is successful in terms of service quality distribution and passenger satisfaction, therefore it is an important aspect of low-cost airlines in Thailand.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.761-774
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• 2009

To address the importance of geotechnical investigation, failure cases are taken up for consideration. One of them awaken this country to the importance of exact geotechnical investigation at the cost of many lives. Other failures were also occurred as the result of insufficient geotechnical investigation or missing some facts given by geotechnical investigation. A case which shows the unpredicted and unaccustomed settlement at bridge abutment introduced to emphasize the importance of exploring unknown nature of local soils.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.186-193
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• 2018

Background: The aim of our study was to review the findings of health insurance fraud investigations and to evaluate their impacts on medical costs for target and non-target organizations. An interrupted time series study design using generalized estimation equations was used to evaluate changes in cost following fraud investigations. Methods: We used National Health Insurance claims data from 2009 to 2015, which included 20,625 medical institutions (1,614 target organizations and 19,011 non-target organizations). Outcome variable included cost change after fraud investigation. Results: Following the initiation of fraud investigations, we found statistically significant reductions in cost level for target organizations (-1.40%, p<0.001). In addition, a reduction in cost trend change per month was found for both target organizations and non-target organizations after fraud investigation (target organizations, -0.33%; non-target organizations of same region, -0.19%; non-target organizations of other regions, -0.17%). Conclusion: This study suggested that fraud investigations are associated with cost reduction in target organization. We also found similar effects of fraud investigations on health expenditure for non-target organizations located in the same region and in different regions. Our finding suggests that fraud investigations are important in controlling the growth of health expenditure. To maximize the effects of fraud investigation on the growth of health expenditure, more organizations needed to be considered as target organizations.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.185-206
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• 1992

In this study nursing activities were examined to determine the nursing cost. A professional nursing group developed a tool for the investigation. 128 nursing activities were identified by the tool in 16 nursing care areas as referenced in the literature. Each activity was examined for four essential factors to define nursing cost ; time consumed for the care, level of professional skill, degree of independency and performer of the care. The activity was rated by a five point Likert scale. This investigation was conducted with the nursing staffing working in the 21 university hospitals in Korea and having more than four years experience especially in medical or surgical wards. The participating nursing staff were screened on the basic of the recommendation of the nursing director. The data were gathered from June 12th to August 12th, 1989. All the data were analyzed for mean, standard deviation, percent, and correlation coefficients between items. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Direct nursing care was classified into 16 large areas and 128 small activities. 2. No significant correlation was found between the study items of each activity. 3. Among 128 nursing activities, Those performed less than 50% of the time by a nurse were excluded from the nursing cost. Also excluded activities which were given less than 9 marks in all three items, time consumed, level of professional skill, and degree of independency. As a result, 83 activities in 14 nursing care areas were selected for the proposal to estimate nursing cost.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 1981

This paper deals with an economical sampling plan, recently being concentrated on and, namely, investigates how to determine the basic concepts to settle the sampling plan of a minimum cost. On an inspection of sampling, a Linear Cost Model of a cost function which is concerned with the representative cost dements, is established and by the investigation of its possible solution economical single sampling plan for recitying inspection by attribute is suggested.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1980

By the mid 1960's the rate of productivity growth in the manufacturing industries of the United States reached the lowest level ever recorded in the American economy. As a result the cost-offsetting operations that had been a century-long part of cost minimizing became less feasible. U.S. manufacturing firins apparently embarked on a pattern of a cost pass-along management. Accounting for price variation as a function of a shift from cost minimizing to cost pass-along is the main subject of this investigation. An econometric model of the inflation process is presented which indicates a clear shift in the modal behavior of manufacturing industries from cost minimizing (1948-1964) to cost pass-along (1965-1975). The latter behavior, initially triggered by the drag of resource diversion on the productivity growth process, undermines the pressure toward productive efficiency that is at the core of industrial engineering, and at the center of U.S. industry's ability to remain competitive.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2013

This study proposed a method to analyze the economic benefit of the national map revision program using the replacement cost method. The replacement cost method measures the benefit of a project as the minimum cost to replace functions of the project with those of alternative goods or services in an existing market. Thus, the demands on 1/5,000 topographic map revision in 18 administrative tasks such as city and district management planning were surveyed in three local autonomous entities. Then the cost to alternatively fulfill the demands was estimated with the standard construction estimating system for the field surveying and surveying results in commercial GIS companies for the site investigation. With this cost estimation model, the benefit of the current national map revision program to the local autonomous entities was estimated as 265,960,999 won. And cost benefit ratios according to several revision frequencies from 0.5 to 4 year were also compared to find the optimal frequency.