• 농촌계획
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2015

In this study, we try to quantify resident's conflict by rural development project based on previous researches about community capacities required for residents and social networks in rural village for suggesting efficient project model. we analyzed conflict elements in six category such as 'conflict in residents', 'conflict in residents and leaders', 'conflict in leaders', 'conflict in villages', 'conflict in development fund', 'conflict in village by common income project'. These results also analyzed by personal background(age, role, education, income) of respondent in questionary survey. Results show that 'conflict in residents and leaders', 'conflict in leaders', 'conflict in development fund' are perceived differently by age, role, education, and income in 5% significance level. Especially, relatively young age(below 40 years old) expressed clearly about conflict and high scored in item of 'residents and leaders'. Regression model show statistical significance(F=39.807, P=0.000) in influence relation analysis of conflict, network, leadership, and project fund. In this model, network ${\beta}=-0.237$, leadership ${\beta}=-0.375$, project fund ${\beta}=-0.000$ show network and leadership have negative relation to conflict but project fund is difficult to find relation with conflict. In this study, we defined social vulnerability using conflict, network, and leadership and verified the vulnerability of rural village applying regional community capacity in analysis results; vulnerability increased by the size of region and show inverse correlation to future vision of residents.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2013

본 연구는 총 10명의 전립선 암 환자를 대상으로 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT), 균일스캐닝양성자치료(USPT), 그리고 세기조절양성자치료(IMPT)기술을 이용한 치료계획의 결과를 비교, 평가 하였다. 각 치료 계획은 타깃 체적의 95%에 70 Gy가 28회 분할 조사되도록 하였으며 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT)에서는 step-and-shoot 기법을 이용하여 총 7개의 빔을 사용하여 방사선을 조사하였고, 균일세기양성자치료(USPT)와 세기조절양성자치료(IMPT)에서는 동일한 방사선 가중치의 측방향대향조사면(lateral opposing field)를 사용하여 타깃에 처방선량이 전달되도록 하였다. 한편, 세기조절양성자치료(IMPT)의 최적화를 위해 IMRT치료와 유사한 Inverse planning을 수행하였다. 결과 비교를 위해 타깃의 균질성지수(homogeneity index) 및 동형지수(conformity index)와 정상조직의 정상조직합병증확률(NTCP)을 계산하였다. 비록 치료기법간에 균질성지수(homogeneity index), 동형지수(conformity index)차이가 크지 않았지만, 직장의 경우 각 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT), 균일스캐닝 양성자치료(USPT) 및 세기조절양성자치료(IMPT)에서 2.233, 3.326 및 1.707로 계산되었다. 또한 방광의 정상조직합병증확률(NTCP)는 0.008, 0.003, 및 0.002를 나타내었다. 직장과 방광의 NTCP 값이 IMPT을 사용할 때 유의하게 낮은 값을 보이는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 전립선 암의 방사선 치료 시 세기조절방사선치료(IMRT)보다 양성자를 이용한 방사선 치료, 특히 최적화된 세기조절양성자치료(IMPT)가 치료 효과를 높일 수 있는 치료계획이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.147-152
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find out the commercialization cause of 2nd class residential area in urban center as basic research to protect urban residential area against the pressure of commercialization. Through the research that are based on literature, field survey and urban planning map, it analysed the commercialization cause of selected two sites under similar urban condition ; to be a nearby subway station and to be a famous commercial street in site, etc. The consequences of this study are summarized as follows ; First the distance between subway station and residential block and residential commercialization are in inverse proportion each other. Second, the corner lot of a block and the access street directly connected collector street are very important factors to spread commercialization to residential area. Finally, nevertheless first and second results, there is square zone which is very high rate of commercialization within one regardless the distance between subway and residential block. the maximum range of square zone is assumed about 250 meter based on case study.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to find out the commercialization characteristics of 2nd class residential district in innercity railway station area as basic research to protect urban residential area against the pressure of commercialization. Through the research that are based on literature, field survey and urban planning map, it analysed the commercialization characteristic of selected three sites under similar urban condition; to be a nearby subway station and to be a famous commercial street in site, etc. The consequences of this study are summarized as follows; First it finds the commercialized lots in all blocks that adjoin blocks of upper class zoning. Second it is in inverse proportion between the commercialization of lots and the distance from subway station to residential block. Third, the corner lot of a block and the access road directly connected collector road are very important factors to spread commercialization to residential area. Finally, it finds the difference of the commercialization degree of 2nd class residential zone according to arrange main commercial street and the 2nd class residential block; vertical arrangement and horizontal arrangement.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

Groundwater recharge is defined in an addition of water to groundwater reservoir. Recently, many people have been moving to the Edwards aquifer and urban and agricultural industry have been expending. Hydrologists and water planning managers concern about insufficient groundwater amounts and irrigation water price variability. In this paper, I focus on estimates of local recharge volumes and quantify preferential flow through GIS technique. Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and hydrochemical components have been widely applied to recharge rate and evaluate flow paths. The CMB method is based on relationship between wet-dry chloride deposition data and Rainfall data. These data are manipulated using ArcGIS. Especially, hydrochemical concentration distribution is good index for groundwater residence times or flow paths such as $[Mg^{2+}]/[Ca^{2+}],[Cl]$ and log$([Ca^{2+}]+[Mg^{2+}])/[Na^+]$. Well information such as hydrological-hydrochemical data are imported into ArcGIS and manipulated by interpolation techniques. For each potentiometric surface and water quality, point data are converted to spatial data through each Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) techniques.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제48권9호
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 1999

Load Flow calulation methods can usually be divided into Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson method and decoupled method. Load flow calculation is a basic on-line or off-line process for power system planning. operation, control and state analysis. These days Newton-Raphson method is mainly used since it shows remarkable convergence characteristics. It, however, needs considerable calculation time in construction and calculation of inverse Jacobian matrix. In addition to that, Newton-Raphson method tends to fail to converge when system loading is heavy and system has a large R/X ratio. In this paper, matrix equation is used to make algebraic expression and then to slove load flow equation and to modify above defects. And it preserve P-Q bus part of Jacobian matrix to shorten computing time. Application of mentioned algorithm to 14 bus, 39 bus, 118 bus systems led to identical results and the same numbers of iteration obtained by Newton-Raphson method. The effect of computing time reduction showed about 28% , 30% , at each case of 39 bus, 118 bus system.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.297-303
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of inhalation and exhalation exercise combined with upper extremity proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern on two spirometry values: forced volume vital (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Methods: Thirty-two healthy adults were divided into two groups: 1) a combined group, which performed upper extremity D2 flexion pattern (shoulder flexed/abducted/external rotated, forearm supinated, wrist radial deviated, and finger extended) during exhalation and D2 extension pattern (shoulder extended/adducted/internal rotated, forearm pronated, wrist ulnar deviated, and finger flexed) during inhalation; and 2) reverse combined group, which performed the D2 flexion pattern during inhalation and the D2 extension pattern during exhalation. The inverse application of upper extremity movements during inhalation and exhalation induced selective resistance or assistance on respiration. FVC and PEF were measured at two time points, before and after four weeks. Results: In both groups, the pre-post intervention comparison showed significant increases in FVC and PEF (p < .05). In the between-groups comparison, the reverse combined group showed a significantly higher PEF than the combined group at four weeks post intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combined respiration exercise with reverse PNF upper extremity patterns using selective resistance showed an effective increase in PEF in healthy adults. Clinicians and researchers might consider using selective resistance as a widely applicable and cost-effective option for respiratory rehabilitation planning.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 추계학술대회 논문집 학회본부A
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• pp.311-315
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• 1998

Load Flow calculation methods can usually be divided into Gauss-Seidel method, Newton-Raphson method and decoupled method. Load flow calculation is a basic on-line or off-line process for power system planning, operation, control and state analysis. These days Newton-Raphson method is mainly used since it shows remarkable convergence characteristics. It, however, needs considerable calculation time in construction and calculation of inverse Jacobian matrix. In addition to that, Newton-Raphson method tends to fail to converge when system loading is heavy and system has a large R/X ratio. In this paper, matrix equation is used to make algebraic expression and then to solve load flow equation and to modify above defects. And it preserve certain part of Jacobian matrix to shorten the time of calculation. Application of mentioned algorithm to 14 bus, 39 bus, 118 bus systems led to identical result and the number of iteration got by Newton-Raphson method. The effect of time reduction showed about 28%, 30%, at each case of 39 bus, 118 bus system.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.475-488
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• 2017

Geotechnical data contributes substantially to the cost of engineering projects due to increasing cost of site investigations. Existing information in the form of soil maps can save considerable time and expenses while deciding the scope and extent of site exploration for a proposed project site. This paper presents spatial interpolation of data obtained from soil investigation reports of different construction sites and development of soil maps for geotechnical characterization of Multan area using ArcGIS. The subsurface conditions of the study area have been examined in terms of soil type and standard penetration resistance. The Inverse Distance Weighting method in the Spatial Analyst extension of ArcMap10 has been employed to develop zonation maps at different depths of the study area. Each depth level has been interpolated as a surface to create zonation maps for soil type and standard penetration resistance. Correlations have been presented based on linear regression of standard penetration resistance values with depth for quick estimation of strength and stiffness of soil during preliminary planning and design stage of a proposed project in the study area. Such information helps engineers to use data derived from nearby sites or sites of similar subsoils subjected to similar geological process to build a preliminary ground model for a new site. Moreover, reliable information on geometry and engineering properties of underground layers would make projects safer and economical.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2021

When controlling manipulator, degree of freedom is lost in singularity so specific joint velocity does not propagate to the end effector. In addition, control problem occurs because jacobian inverse matrix can not be calculated. To avoid singularity, we apply Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(DDPG), algorithm of reinforcement learning that rewards behavior according to actions then determines high-reward actions in simulation. DDPG uses off-policy that uses 𝝐-greedy policy for selecting action of current time step and greed policy for the next step. In the simulation, learning is given by negative reward when moving near singulairty, and positive reward when moving away from the singularity and moving to target point. The reward equation consists of distance to target point and singularity, manipulability, and arrival flag. Dual arm manipulators hold long rod at the same time and conduct experiments to avoid singularity by simulated path. In the learning process, if object to be avoided is set as a space rather than point, it is expected that avoidance of obstacles will be possible in future research.