• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 2015

Objectives: Anaphylactic shock can be fatal to people who become hypersensitive when bee venom pharmacopuncture (BVP) is used. Thus, sweet bee venom (SBV) was developed to reduce these allergic responses. SBV is almost pure melittin, and SBV has been reported to have fewer allergic responses than BVP. BVP has been administered only into acupoints or intramuscularly, but we thought that intravenous injection might be possible if SBV were shown to be a safe medium. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intravenous injection toxicity of SBV through a single-dose test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Male and female 6-week-old SD rats were injected intravenously with SBV (high dosage: 1.0 mL/animal; medium dosage: 0.5 mL/animal; low dosage: 0.1 mL/animal). Normal saline was injected into the control group in a similar method. We conducted clinical observations, body weight measurements, and hematology, biochemistry, and histological observations. Results: No death was observed in any of the experimental groups. Hyperemia was observed in the high and the medium dosage groups on the injection day, but from next day, no general symptoms were observed in any of the experimental groups. No significant changes due to intravenous SBV injection were observed in the weights, in the hematology, biochemistry, and histological observations, and in the local tolerance tests. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm that the lethal dose of SBV is over 1.0 mL/animal in SD rats and that the intravenous injection of SBV is safe in SD rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2014

Objectives: Mountain ginseng pharmacopuncture (MGP) is a pharmacopuncture made by distilling extract from mountain cultivated ginseng or mountain wild ginseng. This pharmacopuncture is injected intravenously, which is a quick, lossless way of strongly tonifying Qi function. The present study was undertaken to evaluate a 4-week, repeated, intravenous injection, toxicity test of MGP in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Twenty male and female 6-week-old SD rats were used as subjects. We divided the SD rats into 4 groups: the high-dosage (10 mL/kg), medium-dosage (5 mL/kg), low-dosage (2.5 mL/kg) and control (normal saline) groups. MGP or normal saline was injected intravenously into the caudal vein of the rats once daily for 4 weeks. Clinical signs, body weights, and food consumption were monitored during the observation period, and hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight, necropsy, and histological examinations were conducted once the observations had been completed. Results: No mortality was observed in any of the groups during the observation period. No changes due to MGP were observed in the experimental groups regarding clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight and necropsy. No histological changes due to MGP were observed in any of the male or female rats in the high-dosage group. Conclusion: During this 4-week, repeated, intravenous injection, toxicity test of MGP in SD rats, no toxic changes due to MGP were observed in any of the male or female rats in the high-dosage group. Thus, we suggest that the high and the low doses in a 13-week, repeated test should be 10 mL/kg and 2.5 mL/kg, respectively.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2014

Objectives: Mountain ginseng pharmacopuncture (MGP) is an extract distilled from either mountain cultivated ginseng or mountain wild ginseng. This is the first intravenous injection of pharmacopuncture in Korea. The word intravenous does not discriminate between arteries, veins, and capillaries in Oriental Medicine, but only the vein is used for MGP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the intravenous injection toxicity of MGP through a single-dose test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Male and female 6-week-old SD rats were injected intravenously with MGP (high dosage of 20 mL/kg or low dosage of 10 mL/kg). Normal saline was injected into the rats in the control group by using the same method. After the rats has treated, we conducted clinical observations, body-weight measurements and histological observations. Results: In this study, no mortalities were observed in any of the experimental groups. Also, no significant changes by the intravenous injection of MGP were observed in the body weights, or the histological observations in any of the experimental groups compared to the control group. The lethal dose for intravenous injection of MGP was found to be over 20 mL/kg in SD rats. Conclusion: Considering that the dosage of MGP generally used each time in clinical practice is about 0.3 mL/kg, we concluded with confidence that MGP is safe pharmacopuncture.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.13 no.1_2
• /
• pp.131-138
• /
• 1997

Group of 40 male and 40 female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily intravenous injections of different dosage of Erythropoietin (EPO), 80 IU/ kg/day (low dosage group), 400 IU/ kg/day (middle dosage group), or 2000 IU /kg/day (high dosage group)for 4 weeks by tail vein according to Established Regulation of Korean National Institute of Safety Research (1994. 4. 14). Appearance, behavior, mortality, and food consumption of rats of treated groups were not affected during the experimental periods. No significant EPO (erythropoietin)-related changes were found in urinalysts, eye examination, hematology, serum chemistry, and organ weight. No histopathological lesions were observed in both control and treatment groups. Our results strongly suggest that no toxic changes were found in rat treated intravenously with EPO (erythropoietin)for 4 weeks.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2016

Objectives: Bufonis venonum (BV) is toad venom and is the dried, white secretions of the auricular and the skin glands of toads. This study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of intravenous injection of Bufonis venonum pharmacopuncture (BVP) through a single-dose test with sprague-dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Twenty male and 20 female 6-week-old SD rats were injected intravenously in the caudal vein with BVP or normal saline. The animals were divided into four groups with five female and five male rats per group: the control group injected with normal saline, the low-dosage group injected with 0.1 mL/animal of BVP, the medium-dosage group injected with 0.5 mL/animal of BVP and the high-dosage group injected with 1.0 mL/animal of BVP. We performed clinical observations every day and body weight measurements on days 3, 7 and 14 after the injection. We also conducted hematology, serum biochemistry, and histological observations immediately after the observation period. Results: No mortalities were observed in any experimental group. Paleness occurred in the medium- and the high-dosage groups, and congestion on tails was observed in females in the medium- and the high-dosage groups. No significant changes in weight, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histological observations that could be attributed to the intravenous injection of BVP were observed in any experimental group. Conclusion: The lethal dose of intravenously-administered BVP in SD rats is over 1.0 mL/animal.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 1962

Ten calves were subjected to general anesthesia with ten percent chlooral hydrate solution. The drug was administered by the method of slow intravenous injection so as to have a better control over the dosage and time until deep anesthesia was attained. Although one of ten calves failed to produce anesthesia, the remainder of nine responded satisfactorily with deep anesthesia. The dosage required averaged as great as 17.5gm per calf, and the time 23 minutes. In view of these advantages indicated in the results, further studies on the use of intravenous chloral hydrate for deep anesthesia in bovine species are to be justifiable.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.239-253
• /
• 2000

This study was carried out to evaluate the three months subacute intravenous toxicity of water soluble dimethyl dimethoxy biphenylate derivative (DDB-S), a newly formulated therapeutic agent for hepatitis, in Beagle dogs. Groups of 12 male and 12 female dogs were given different dosage of DDB-S, 10 mg/kg/day (high dose group), 5 mg/kg/day (middle dose group), 2.5 mg/kg/day (low dose group) and 0 mg/kg/day (control group) for three months by intravenous route. 1n the three months intravenous toxicity study, there were neither dead animals nor significant changes of body weights during the experimental period. 1n addition to, no significant DDB-S related changes were found in clinical signs, urinalysis and other findings. Statistical changes were observed in hematological. biochemical, partial thromboplastin time (PIT) and organ weight parameters of treated groups. However, these alteration had no relationship with dosage. No histopathological lesions were observed in both control and treated animals. Above data suggest that no observed adverse effect level of test materials in Beagle dogs might be over 10 mg/kg/day in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative analgesic effect according to intravenous doses of ketorolac. The ninety-eight adult patients, scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to receive saline or one of the five doses of ketorolac (10, 15, 30, 45, 60mg). After recoverg from anesthesia, saline or ketorolac was injected intravenously, and the visual analogue score, sedation secore, mean blood pressure, heart rate, and the incidence of nausea and vomiting were measured 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours the injection. Saline or 10 mg of ketorolac had no postanalgesic effect. Above 15 mg of ketorolac had analgesic effect, but this analgesic effect was not increased with increasing doses of ketorolac (30, 45, 60 mg). Any side effects (nausea, vomiting, excessive sedation, cardiopulmonary depression, and renal and hematologic adverse events) was not observed associated with ketorolac administration. These results suggested that 15 mg of ketorolac is the most reliable dose for postoperative anlgesia in intravenous administration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 1967

The mammary excretion of suphamethomidine after intravenous and/or oral administration was investigated in cow. The results show that sulphamethomidine is bound to plasma proteins to a great extent (80~90%). Ay a dosage of 60 mg./kg. maximal concenration in plasma of this sulphonamide was reached 7-10 hours after oral dosing. The sulphonamide concentration in plasma slowly declined after both oral and intravenous administration (fig. 1, 2, and 3) The concentration of sulphonamide in milk was very low and the excretion was completed in 7 days after a single oral dose and 5 days after intravenous injection while in the case of blood plasma it was 11 and 7 days, respectively. In addition, the renal excretion of sulphamethomidine was investigated while under continuous intravenous intravenous infusion. The excretion ratios varies according to self depression (table. 1). Blockade of the tubular secretion with diodone lowered the excretion of sulphamethomidine. It is concluded that the renal excretion of sulphamethomidine in cows occurs by filtration by slight tubular secretion and also by a high rate of back diffusion.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 2001

The effect of circadian rhythm on the pharmacokinetics of acebutolol was studied in rabbits administered intravenous 5 mg/kg dose of acebutolol at 09:00 in the morning (a.m) and 22:00 in the evening (p.m). A significant effect of circadian rhythm of pbarmacokinetic parameters as a function of time of day was noted in rabbits, showing lower total body clearance (CLt), higher plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) when acebutolol was given in the evening. The plasma concentration of acebutolol was increased significantly (p<0.05) at 12-24 hr after dosing in the evening. The AUC was greater in the evening $(111\%)$ than that in the morning and $CL_t$, was higher when acebutolol was given in the morning ($1.12\pm0.24$ ml/hr) versus in the evening ($1.01\pm0.22$ ml/hr), but those were not significant. Therefore, It is reasonable to consider individual circadian rhythm for effective dosage regimen of acebutolol in clinical chronotherapeutics.