• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.121-128
• /
• 1996

Group of 12 male and 12 female rabbits was given daily intravenous injections of different dosage of Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761), 7.5 mg/kg/day (low dosage group), 15 mg/kg/day (middle dosage group), or 30 mg/kg/day (high dosage group)for 3 month by ear vein according to Established Regulation of Korean National Institute of Safety Research (1994. 4. 14). Appearance, behavior, mortality, and food consumption of rabbits of treated groups were not affected during the experimental periods. No significant Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761)-related changes were found in urinalysis, hematology, serum chemistry, and organ weight. No histopathological lesions were seen in both control and treatment groups. Our results strongly suggest that no toxic changes should be found in rabbit treated intravenously with Ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761)for 3 month.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.235-240
• /
• 1998

Background: Preoperative blocking of surgical nociceptive inputs may prevent sensitization of CNS and reduce postoperative pain. The stress responses to surgical trauma consist of increase in catabolic hormones and decrease in anabolic hormones. We studied whether preoperative intravenous morphine could affect postoperative pain and change plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels. Methods: Thirty eight patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Control group (n=11) did not received intravenous morphine, preoperative group (n=13) received intravenous morphine (0.1 mg/kg as a bolus 10 min before operation and followed by 1.5 mg/hr for 10 hours), postoperative group (n=14) received the same doses and method of intravenous morphine of preoperative group postoperatively. Postoperative pain relief was provided with i.v. fentanyl through Patient-Controlled-Analgesia Pump. Postoperative visual analogue scores (VAS), analgesic requirement (first request time, total amounts used), side effects, plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were compared. Results: VAS were different between control group and the other two goups, but were not different between preoperative and postoperative group. Total amounts of used fentanyl were not different among groups, but first request time were significantly delayed in the preoperative group compared with the other two groups ($66.2{\pm}33.9$ vs $39.0{\pm}15.4$ and $45.0{\pm}14.9$ min respectively, p<0.05). Plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were not different among groups. Conclusions: Above dosage of preoperative and postoperative morphine has analgesic effect, but could not block surgical stress induced plasma cortisol and serum glucose increase.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.151-161
• /
• 2000

The Three months subacute toxicity of water soluble dimethyl dimethoxy biphenylate derivative (DDB-S), newly formulated therapeutic agent for hepatitis, was invesgated in SD rats. The body weight and clinical signs were observed after intravenous injection of DDBs at doses of 57, 75 and 100 mg/kg/day for three months. Decrease in motor activity and tremor were observed above 75mg/kg treated groups. Statistically significant changes at serum biochemical analysis were found in some group, how-ever, those changes were within the normal range and had no relationship with dosage. There was no abnormal morphological and pathological findings in relation to DDB-S treatment. The no observable adverse effect level of DDB-S in rats was estimated to be 57 mg/kg/day in this study.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to externally validate a new dosing scheme for busulfan. Thirty-seven adult patients who received busulfan as conditioning therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) participated in this prospective study. Patients were randomized to receive intravenous busulfan, either as the conventional dosage (3.2 mg/kg daily) or according to the new dosing scheme based on their actual body weight (ABW) ($23{\times}ABW^{0.5}mg\;daily$) targeting an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of $5924{\mu}M{\cdot}min$. Pharmacokinetic profiles were collected using a limited sampling strategy by randomly selecting 2 time points at 3.5, 5, 6, 7 or 22 hours after starting busulfan administration. Using an established population pharmacokinetic model with NONMEM software, busulfan concentrations at the available blood sampling times were predicted from dosage history and demographic data. The predicted and measured concentrations were compared by a visual predictive check (VPC). Maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimators were estimated to calculate the predicted AUC ($AUC_{PRED}$). The accuracy and precision of the $AUC_{PRED}$ values were assessed by calculating the mean prediction error (MPE) and root mean squared prediction error (RMSE), and compared with the target AUC of $5924{\mu}M{\cdot}min$. VPC showed that most data fell within the 95% prediction interval. MPE and RMSE of $AUC_{PRED}$ were -5.8% and 20.6%, respectively, in the conventional dosing group and -2.1% and 14.0%, respectively, in the new dosing scheme group. These findings demonstrated the validity of a new dosing scheme for daily intravenous busulfan used as conditioning therapy for HCT.

• Urogenital Tract Infection
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.72-78
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate whether increasing amikacin dosage for ciprofloxacin prophylaxis in patients with fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant rectal flora reduce infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB). Materials and Methods: A total of 430 patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora based on rectal swab cultures were divided into two groups. Patients in both groups were administered ciprofloxacin (400 mg, intravenous [IV], twice daily) on the same day as TRUSPB and one day after biopsy. However, whereas group 1 patients (n=202) were administered a single injection of amikacin (1 g, IV) one hour before TRUSPB, patients in group 2 (n=228) were administered two injections of amikacin (1 g, IV) before one hour TRUSPB and again on the day after TRUSPB. Results: Of the 430 study subjects, 129 (30.0%) showed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positivity. The overall incidence rate of infectious complications was 2.8% (12/430). Infectious complication rates were 4.0% (8/202) in group 1 and 1.3% (3/228) in group 2 (p=0.075). Urinary tract infection and acute prostatitis were more frequent in group 1 (3.5% vs. 0.4%, p=0.029). Infectious complication rates in ESBL negative patients were 3.4% (5/145) in group 1 and 1.3% (2/156) in group 2, whereas those in ESBL positive patients were 7.0% (4/57) in group 1 and 1.4% (1/72) in group 2. Conclusions: Increasing the dosage of amikacin for ciprofloxacin prophylaxis reduce infectious complications in patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora and to be more effective in ESBL positive patients with FQ-resistant rectal flora.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 1996

This experiment was carried out to study the toxic effect of solublized methylcellulose (MC). Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 1%(w/v) MC in 0.9% saline by gavage at a dose of 10ml/kg b.w/day or by intravenous injection at a dose of 5ml/kg b.w/day for 28 days. Clinical signs were observed once a day. Body weights, water and food consumptions were measured and urinalysis was performed several times during the experiment. Rats were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 15 and 28 for hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights and histopathology. The relative weight of the spleen and foamy cells of the spleen were increased in the gavage group. Body weight gain, food consumptions, the values of RBC, Hb, MCH, Hct, serum proteins, glucose, bilirubin, AST, and ALP were decreased in I.V. treatment group. On the other hand, water consumptions, the values of serum cholesterol, creatinine, and BUN were increased. Microscopic findings were granulomas, distended sinusoids, and hypertrophy of Kupffer cells with vacuoles in the liver. Spleen exhibited granuloma, increased extramedullary hematopoiesis, and congestion. Kidney exhibited foamy cells in the glomeruli, distension of the tubules. The findings appeared more severe when the treatment was extended. In conclusion, MC solution is not a safe vehicle for intravenous administration because of the toxic effects on the liver, kidney and spleen. In addition, a long-term and large dosage of oral administration of MC appears to be unsafe also and needs to be investigated further.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2020

Midazolam은 단기 작용 benzodiazepine 계열의 약물로서 소아치과 영역의 진정치료에 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 소아환자의 치과치료시 정주진정법으로서의 midazolam의 임상적인 효과는 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 이번 연구에서는 소아환자의 치과치료시 midazolam 정주진정법 및 아산화질소 흡입진정법의 효과와 안정성에 대해 후향적인 분석을 시행하였다. Midazolam 정주 및 아산화질소 흡입진정법 하 치과치료를 시행한 115명(118례)를 대상으로 하였다. 인구통계학적 요소, 환자의 전신상태, 진정시간, midazolam 및 아산화질소의 용량, 진정법의 성공률에 대해 전자의무기록을 통해 조사하였다. 진정법은 행동조절을 목적으로 주로 사용되었다. 평균 진정 시간은 수술 치료의 경우 56.7분, 수복 치료의 경우 74.4분이었다. 정맥 내 midazolam의 초기 투여량은 0.051 ± 0.019 mg/kg이었다. 34건(28.8%)에서 치료 중 0.036 ± 0.057 mg/kg의 추가적인 midazolam의 투여를 시행하였다. 아산화질소의 농도는 40 - 50%로 유지되었다. 진정법의 성공률은 99%(n = 117)였다. 1 건의 증례에서 후두 경련이 발생하였고 이로 인한 치료 중단 후 환자는 benzodiazepine 길항제인 flumazenil으로 가역되었다. 이 연구에서는 아산화질소 흡입진정을 동반한 midazolam 정주진정법이 임상적으로 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 성공적인 진정법을 위해서 모든 과정이 훈련받은 전문인력에 의해 시행되어야 하고 가이드라인을 바탕으로 한 적절한 환자 선택이 필요하다.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.5-14
• /
• 2010

Objectives : This study was performed to examine the anticancer effect of mountain ginseng Pharmacopuncture(MGP) to the nude mouse of lung carcinoma induced by NCI-H460 human nonsmall lung cancer cells. Methods : Human lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells were cultured and applied to evaluate anti-tumor activity in nude mice. After confirmed tumor growth in mice, MGP was treated per 0.1ml/kg dose to intraperitoneal and intravenous injection everyday for four weeks. And checked the changes in body weights, tumor volume, mean survival time and percent, increase in life span, histo-pathological findings, organ weights, and blood chemistry levels. Results : The results of in vivo study showed that MGP may have potential as growth inhibitor of solid tumor induced NCI-H460 without marked side effects. MGP inhibited dosage-dependently the growth of NCI-H460 cell-transplanted solid tumor compared with the control group. And mean survival time of MGP treated group was prolonged comparing with control group. Generally the group of intravenous injection is more effective than intraperitoneal injection. Conclusion : These results were suggested that MGP may be a useful anticancer agent for therapy of human lung cancer. And follow study need for the certain evidence.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제30권3호
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to investigate pharmaceutical care for critically ill neonates and suggest targeted strategies compatible with the Korean health-system pharmacy. Methods: Articles that reported pharmacy practices for critically ill neonates were reviewed. Pharmaceutical care practices and roles of neonatal pharmacists were identified, and criteria were developed for neonates in need of specialized care by clinical pharmacists. Results: Neonatal pharmacists play many roles in the overall medication management pathway. For clinical decision support, multidisciplinary ward rounds, clinical pharmacokinetic services, and consultation for pharmacotherapy and nutrition support were conducted. Prevention and resolution of drug-related problems through review of medication charts contributed to medication safety. Pharmaceutical optimization of intravenous medication played an important role in safe and effective therapy. Information on the use of off-label medicine, recommended dosage and dosing schedules, and stability of intravenous medicine was provided to other health professionals. Most clinical practices for neonates in Korea included therapeutic drug monitoring and nutrition support services. Reduction in medication errors and adverse drug reactions, shortening the duration of weaning medicines, decreasing the use and cost of antimicrobials, and improvement in nutrition status were reported as the outcomes of pharmacist-led interventions. The essential criteria of pharmaceutical care, including for patients with potential high-risk factors for drug-related problems, was developed. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care for critically ill neonates varies widely. Development and provision of standardized pharmaceutical care for Korean neonates and a stepwise strategy for the expansion of clinical pharmacy services are required.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.239-243
• /
• 1996

MS-Contin is an oral controlled-release preparation of morphine sulfate that has been used widely in the management of advanced cancer pain. It prolongs plasma concentration of morphine with no observable accumulation properties following repeated dosing, thereby promoting uninterrupted sleep and hopefully improving patient's quality of life. The common side effects of MS Contin are nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and constipation. But these symptoms are usually mild and respiratory depression is a rare problem. We experienced respiratory depression during oral administration of MS contin for the pain management of advanced gall bladder cancer of 76 years old male patient with metastasis at liver, intestine and cervical lymph node. After we increased the dosage of MS Contin from 160mg to 220mg per day, due to abdominal pain, we observed morphine reaction of MS Contin overdose such as pinpoint pupil, deeply slow respiration below 8/minute, and drowsiness. After intravenous bolus injection of 0.4 mg naloxone followed by continuous administration of 0.2 mg/hr for 4 hours, the patient regained consciousness. The administered route of morphine was changed to intravenous PCA (patient controlled analgesia). There was no aspiration sign as confirmed by chest x-ray. The patient was comfortable and delayed no signs of respiratory depression until now.