• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.580-585
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine cow characteristics and farm management factors during the dry period associated with early postparturient intramammary infection (IMI) and subsequent clinical mastitis (CM). Data were collected three times: before drying off (P1), during the dry period (P2), and 5 to 14 days after calving (P3), using questionnaires and farm investigation. Milk samples were aseptically collected for bacterial identification at P1 and P3. Factors associated with IMI and CM were analyzed using multiple logistic regression models. The final model showed that IMI in early postpartum was significantly associated with full insertion of dry cow antibiotic, dry cows in barns with a combination of tie and free stalls, body condition score (BCS) in dry period and after calving, and milk yield before drying off. For IMI cows, factors significantly associated with clinical expression of mastitis were having daily barn cleaning, teat disinfected with alcohol before administration of dry cow therapy, BCS before drying off, milk yield before drying off, and days in milk at drying off. In conclusion, both cow and farm management factors are associated with the IMI rate and subsequent expression of clinical signs of mastitis in early postpartum cows.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 2004

1% iodophor loaded microspheres of PLGA (Poly[DL-Lactide-co-Glycolide]) were prepared by solvent evaporation method and were applied to the cows on dry period for evaluating it's preventive effects on intramammary infections. The morphology of the microspheres were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and their releasing patterns were investigated. On investigating idophor releasing patterns of the microsphere, burst releasing pattern was detected until 2 days after in vitro incubation and sustained releasing was observed until 4 weeks. In field trial of teat dipping solution containing idophor loaded microspheres in dry cows showed significant preventive effects of intramammary infection caused by S. aureus, S. agalactiae, coagulase negative Staphylococci and coliform bacteria (p<0.05).

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.277-298
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• 1986

This paper reviews the mechanisms effecting host defense in the mammary gland and assesses their possible in preventing of bovine mastitis. The streak canal is the first line of defense against invading mastitis pathogens, providing a physical barrier and antibacterial substances. The milk leukocytes are a second defense line by ingesting pathogens breached the streak canal by multiplication, physical passage, and propulsion during milking. Leukocytosis in milk and enhancement of the phagocytic defense machanisms of the udder were accomplished by inserting intramammary devices. Milk antibodies serum derived and synthesized in mamma tissue aggregate and opsonise bacteria, agglutinate and neutralise toxins, and inhibit. binding of bacteria to epitherial surfaces. Vaccination generally has been unsuccessful because protection is not absolute, but immunization is useful in controlling specific pathogens. Immunostimulant to enhance locally the protective nature of antibody-producing plasma cells concentrated in internal teat end tissue may be effective in reducing the occurrence of infection, but ineffective in preventing intramammary infections.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2013

Objectives: The object of this study was to observe the protective effect of Gamijipaesan aqueous extracts(GJS), which has been traditionally used in Korean medicine in obstetrics & gynecological fields as anti-infectious and anti-inflammatory agents, against mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rat model through antibacterial, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-oxidant effects. Methods: Antibacterial activities of GJS against S. aureus were detected using standard agar microdilution methods, with the effects on the bacterial invasion and intracellular killing of individual test materials in human mammary gland carcinoma cell(MCF-7) and murine macrophages(Raw 264.7) at MIC1/2, MIC and MIC2 concentration levels. In addition, the effects on the cell viability, nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6 productions of LPS activated Raw 264.7 cells. The changes on the mammary tissue viable bacterial numbers, myeloperoxidae(MPO), inducible nitric oxide synthetase(iNOS), TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 contents were observed in the S. aureus in vivo intramammary infectious rat model. The anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were compared with ciprofloxacin and piroxicam, respectively in the present study. Results: MIC of GJS and ciprofloxacin against S. aureus were detected as $0.860{\pm}0.428$ (0.391-1.563) mg/ml and $0.371{\pm}0.262$(0.098-0.782) ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In addition, GJS and ciprofloxacin were also showed marked dosage-dependent inhibition of the both bacterial invasion and intracellular killing assays using MCF-7 and Raw 264.7 cells at MIC1/2, MIC and $MIC{\times}2$ concentrations, respectively. $ED_{50}$ against LPS-induced cell viabilities and NO, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 releases of GJS were detected as 0.72, 0.04, 0.08 and 0.11 mg/ml, and as 19.04, 4.18, 5.37 and 4.27 ${\mu}g/ml$ in piroxicam, respectively. 250 and 500 mg/kg of GJS also inhibit the intramammary bacterial growth, MPO, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 contents in S. aureus in vivo intramammary infected rats, respectively. GJS 500 mg/kg showed quite similar antibacterial and anti-infectious effects as compared with ciprofloxacin 40 mg/kg and also showed similar anti-inflammatory effects as piroxicam 10 mg/kg, in S. aureus in vivo intramammary infectious models. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that over 250 mg/kg of GJS showed favorable anti-infectious effects against S. aureus infection in a rat model through their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidant effects and therefore expected that GJS can be used as alternative therapies, having both anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious activities. However, more detail mechanism studies should be conducted in future with the efficacy tests of individual herbal composition of GJS and the screening of the biological active compounds in individual herbs. In the present study, GJS 500 mg/kg showed quite similar anti-infectious effects were detected as compared with ciprofloxacin 40 mg/kg treated rats, and also GJS shows quite similar anti-inflammatory effects as compared with piroxicam 10 mg/kg in S. aureus in vivo intramammary infectious rats, but ciprofloxacin did not showed any anti-inflammatory effects, and piroxicam did not showed anti-infectious effects in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.429-438
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• 2011

Mastitis is characterized by physical, chemical and bacteriological changes in the milk and pathological changes in the glandular tissue of the udder and affects the quality and quantity of milk. The bacterial contamination of milk from the affected cows render it unfit for human consumption and provides a mechanism of spread of diseases like tuberculosis, sore-throat, Q-fever, brucellosis, leptospirosis etc. and has zoonotic importance. Somatic cell count (SCC) is a useful predictor of intramammary infection (IMI) that includes leucocytes (75%) i.e. neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and epithelial cells (25%). Leucocytes increase in response to bacterial infection, tissue injury and stress. Somatic cells are protective for the animal body and fight infectious organisms. An elevated SCC in milk has a negative influence on the quality of raw milk. Subclinical mastitis is always related to low milk production, changes to milk consistency (density), reduced possibility of adequate milk processing, low protein and high risk for milk hygiene since it may even contain pathogenic organisms. This review collects and collates relevant publications on the subject.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.53-57
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• 1991

항생물질과 부신피질홀몬을 장기간 투여한 7세의 홀스타인종 암소에 있어서 Candida 에 의한 유방의 기회성진균감염율 보고하였다. C. tropicalis는 섭씨 30도의 단순한 해바라기씨 배지에서 반복하여 분리되었다. 이 병원체는 PHOL 기법에 의해 감염된 우유에서 직접 검출되었다. 우유침전물을 그람염색하여 현미경하에서 검사한 결과 Candida spp. 와 일치하는 다수의 효모세포와 균사가 관찰되었다. 실험 실내 약물감수성을 조사한 결과 nystatin에 감수성을 나타내었다. 임상적 및 진균학적 검사결과 nystatin에 의한 유방내 화학요법은 성공적이었다. 수의학에 있어서 C. tropicalis와 기타 기회성진균의 점증하는 중요성이 강조되었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.72.1-72.16
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• 2023

Background: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the surface of Streptococcus dysgalactiae, coded with gapC, is a glycolytic enzyme that was reported to be a moonlighting protein and virulence factor. Objective: This study assessed GAPDH as a potential immunization candidate protein to prevent streptococcus infections. Methods: Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with recombinant GAPDH and challenged with S. dysgalactiae in vivo. They were then evaluated using histological methods. rGAPDH of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was evaluated using immunoblotting, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Results: Vaccination with rGAPDH improved the survival rates and decreased the bacterial burdens in the mammary glands compared to the control group. The mechanism by which rGAPDH vaccination protects against S. dysgalactiae was investigated. In vitro experiments showed that rGAPDH boosted the generation of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Treatment of BMDCs with TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, or C29, a toll-like receptor 2 inhibitor, reduced cytokines substantially, suggesting that rGAPDH may be a potential ligand for both TLR2 and TLR4. Subsequent investigations showed that rGAPDH may activate the phosphorylation of MAPKs and nuclear factor-κB. Conclusions: GAPDH is a promising immunization candidate protein for targeting virulence and enhancing immune-mediated protection. Further investigations are warranted to understand the mechanisms underlying the activation of BMDCs by rGAPDH in a TLR2- and TLR4-dependent manner and the regulation of inflammatory cytokines contributing to mastitis pathogenesis.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.995-1005
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• 1999

Staphylococcus aureus is one of most prevalent intramammary pathogens and have characteristics which are not easily eradicated. Recently, to understand the sources and transmission of S aureus, many studies have focused on the subtyping of field isolate. This study was preformed to investigate the distribution pattern and characteristics of the isolates using phenotyping and genotyping. Samples were collected from milk of each udder, cow bodies (perianal region, vagina, tail, udder skin, sole) and environment (floor, liner, milker's hands, water, towel, insect) from 6 herds located in Kyung-gi province. Forty five strains of S aureus were isolated from 3 dairy herds (A, B, C) and were typed by hemolytic pattern, antibiotic resistant pattern, enterotoxin typing and PCR-based DNA fingerprinting. Slime productivity was also compared by each subtype to examine potential infectiousness. Of 45 strains, 41 were isolated from milk samples and 4 were isolated from liners. No strains isolated in the bodies and environment. Forty five strains isolated were classified as 18 subtypes by phenotyping and genotyping. There was common subtype between A and B herd, but the subtype of C herd showed different pattern. Among predominant subtypes, 60% of S aureus strain isolated from A and B herd showed subtype I and 50% of S aureus strain isolated from C herd belonged to subtype VI and X II. Neither somatic cell count (SCC) nor slime production was significantly different between predominant and minor subtypes. In summary, the study revealed that liners play more important roles in the mode of transmission than environmental sources. Several subtypes can be found in a herd, only a few subtype, however, was largely associated with the majority of infection.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.130-140
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• 1990

A field test using Nophazin (drying off period therapeutics) was done from May, 1989 to October, 1989. 299 quarters of 75 cows from 28 herds were tested. The results were summarized as follows. 1. At the day 7 after parturition, CMT-was 81.60%, clots were removed perfectly, removal rate of hard, hot, pain was 99.6%, only one hard 0.35% was maintained. Recovery rate of general symptoms was 100%. 2. Recovery rate in Nophazin treatment was 100% in Micro-coccus SPP, Corynebacterium SPP, and unisolated, 97.06% in Enterobacterid SPP, 95.58% in Staphylococcus SPP, 91.67% in other Bacilli, 89.19% in Streptococcus SPP, Overall recovery rate was 95.32%, And fungi did not react. 3. The ratio of isolated microorganisms was Staphylococcus SPP 49.8%, Streptococcus SPP 16.3%, Enterobacteria SPP 15.0%, Micrococcus SPP 7.9% Corynebacterium SPP 4.4%, Pseudomonas SPP 2.6%, Bacilli 2.6% and Fungi 1.3%. 4. The range of sensitivity of each microorganism to therapeutics is as follow : Staphylococcus SPP 61.1∼94.7%, Streptococcus SPP 51.4∼91.9%, Micrococcus SPP 44.4∼94.4%, Corynebacterium SPP 70∼80%, Enterobacteria SPP 11.8∼88.2%, and other Gram negative bacilli 8.3∼83.3%. Overall sensitivity was in the range of 50.4∼92.0%, Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity (80∼94.7%) to Nophazin. 5. New intramammary infection rate was 3.96% (9 strains) at paturition, 8.37% (19 strains) at the day 7 after paturition. Persistent organism wits 6.17% .(14 strains). 6. There was no side effect of Nophazin treatment.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 1998

The effects of chitosan on mastitis in lactating holstein cows were evaluated. Fifty six cows with intramammary infection(IMI) from nine farms were selected and the cows were fed with diets which contained 15~20g chitosan per day for 5~7 days. The milk samples were obtained from cows at 7 days and 14 days after administration to determine effect of the curing of mastitis and the reduction of somatic cell counts(SCC). The average value of SCC levels in quarter milk from the cows administrated with chitosan significantly decreased up to 31.8% and 47.7% at 7 and 14 days, respectively(P<0.05). The cure rates of chitosan for Stapylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococci spp, other gram positive bacteria and coliforms were 30.4, 42.8, 33.3, 66.6 and 54.5 % respectively. Twenty three out of 64 cases were cured by feeding with chitosan. The results showed that administration of chitosan could reduce SCC in milk and improve cure rates of bovine mastitis caused by microorganisms. The further studies will be pursued to study on the mechanism of chitosan in the immune responses of cows with mastitis.