• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2020

Peritoneal metastasis (PM) frequently occurs in patients with gastric cancer (GC) and confers a dismal prognosis despite advances in systemic chemotherapy. While systemic chemotherapy has poor peritoneal penetration, intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy remains sequestered, resulting in high peritoneal drug concentrations with less systemic side-effects. The first application of IP treatment was hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) for gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis (GCPM); but was associated with an increased morbidity and mortality rate without significantly improving overall survival (OS). While CRS confers limited benefit, the potential role of prophylactic HIPEC and laparoscopic neoadjuvant HIPEC are currently being evaluated. Combination systemic and IP chemotherapy (SIPC) gained popularity in the 1990s, since it provided the benefits of IP treatment while reducing surgical morbidity, demonstrating promising early results in multiple Phase II trials. Unfortunately, these findings were not confirmed in the recent PHOENIX-GC randomized controlled trial; therefore, the appropriate treatment for GCPM remains controversial. Small observational studies from Japan and Singapore have reported successful downstaging of PM in GC patients receiving SIPC who subsequently underwent conversion gastrectomy with a median OS of 21.6-34.6 months. Recently, the most significant development in IP-directed therapy is pressurized IP aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). Given that aerosol chemotherapy achieves a wider distribution and deeper penetration, the outcomes of multiple ongoing trials assessing its efficacy are eagerly awaited. Indeed, IP-directed therapy has evolved rapidly in the last 3 decades, with an encouraging trend toward improved outcomes in GCPM, and may offer some hope for an otherwise fatal disease.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1547-1553
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• 2011

An effective analytical method of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the rapid determination of essential oils in the crude extract of Acorus species (Acorus gramineus, Acorus tatarinowii, and Acorus calamus). Major phenypropanoids (${\beta}$,${\alpha}$-asarone isomers, euasarone, and methyleugenol) and ${\beta}$-caryophyllene in Acorus species were used as marker compounds and determined for the quality control of herbal medicines. To extract marker compounds, various extraction techniques such as solvent immersion, mechanical shaking, and sonication were compared, and the greatest efficiency was observed with sonication extraction using petroleum ether. The dynamic range of the GC/MS method depended on the specific analyte; acceptable quantification was obtained between 10 and 2000 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-asarone, 10 and 500 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\alpha}$-asarone, 10 and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$ for methyleugenol, and between 5 and 100 ${\mu}g/mL$ for ${\beta}$-caryophyllene. The method was deemed satisfactory by inter- and intra-day validation and exhibited both high accuracy and precision, with a relative standard deviation < 10%. Overall limits of detection were approximately 0.34-0.83 ${\mu}g/mL$, with a standard deviation (${\sigma}$)-to-calibration slope (s) ratio (${\sigma}$/s) of 3. The limit of quantitation in our experiments was approximately 1.13-3.20 ${\mu}g/mL$ at a ${\sigma}$/s of 10. On the basement of method validation, 20 samples of Acorus species collected from markets in Korea were monitored for the quality control. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were performed on the analytical data of 20 different Acorus species samples in order to classify samples that were collected from different regions.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2004

Mobile Ad-Hoc network tends to expose scarce computing resources and various security threats because all traffics are carried in air along with no central management authority. To provide secure communication and save communication overhead, a scheme is inevitable to serurely establish session keys. However, most of key establishment methods for Ad-Hoc network focus on the distribution of a group key to all hosts and/or the efficient public key management. In this paper, a secure and efficient scheme is proposed to establish a session key between two Ad-Hoc nodes. The proposed scheme makes use of the secret sharing mechanism and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange method. For secure intra-cluster communication, each member node establishes session keys with its clusterhead, after mutual authentication using the secret shares. For inter-cluster communication, each node establishes session keys with its correspondent node using the public key and Diffie-Hellman key exchange method. The simulation results prove that the proposed scheme is more secure and efficient than that of the Clusterhead Authentication Based Method(1).

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.292-303
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• 2012

The main purpose of this study is to analyze R&D networks and spatial implications in Qingdao consumer electronics industry agglomeration in China. The characteristics of R&D networks in Qindao consumer electronic industry are as follows. There is a cluster central around large enterprises led by the government and their subcontracting enterprises. However, the degree of collaborative networks in intra-firm, inter-firm, firm-research institutes(including university lab.) is relatively low. Therefore, Large enterprises in Qingdao has stimulated research collaborations with firms and research institutes located in other regions rather than within region. It is likely to show that R&D networks of consumer electronics industry has not been stimulated in Qingdao. Therefore, collaborative R&D networks among firms, research institutes and governments should be stimulated to build regional innovation systems central around consumer electronics industry in Qingdao.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2014

Varietal distances were measured by Mahalanobis's $D^2$ statistics in 190 possible comparisons among twenty varieties of Prunus mume with twelve characters such as seed weight, length, width, and diameter, fruit weight, and number of sepals, petals, pistils, and stigmas, and leaf length and width. A complete linkage cluster analysis based on the Mahalanobis's distance ($D^2$) was attempt. Twenty varieties of Prunus mume were largely classified into five subgroups. Group I, II, III, IV and V included two, four, five, five and four varieties, respectively. Most of the varietal groups were not associated with their geographical origins. Number of stigmas, and leaf length and width among the twelve characters were the largest contributors to the $D^2$ in both intra-and inter groups.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.114-128
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• 2014

This study is the analysis on the labor migration between 16 provinces in experienced employees' sector by using the employment insurance statistics of 2008 to 2011. In wage workers of Korea, all of regular and some of temporary employees subscribe to the employment insurance and among these, about 40-50% career workers have moved their jobs every year. Targeting these, first I perform cluster analysis to explore the spatial boundaries of intra and inter-regional labor migration, and second measure the regional linkages extracting the inter-regional migrants. As results, the clusters of labor migration are similar to 5+2 Mega-regional Economic Zones. However, in the regional linkages between clusters, Seoul-metropolitan area has a great influence to other regions in inflow and outflow.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.639-654
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Many adolescents in developing countries skip breakfast. Innovative nutrition education (NE) strategies are needed to enhance knowledge and skills related to the breakfasts of adolescents in a low socioeconomic setting. The objective was to evaluate short- and long-term effects of a multi-strategy, school-based NE intervention on adolescents' breakfast-related personal influences and behaviors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An intervention study with a cluster randomized controlled trial design was conducted in 4 senior high schools in Makassar, Indonesia. The multi-strategy NE intervention was delivered for 3 months. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a 3-day breakfast recall (face-to-face interview). Wilcoxon, McNemar, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine intra- and intergroup differences. RESULTS: Unlike knowledge, improvement was observed in attitude and self-efficacy scores in the intervention groups (IGs) (P < 0.01); however, no significant changes were observed in the control group (CG). More students showed improved motivation in the IG than in the CG (P > 0.05). Changes in breakfast frequency and macronutrient intake from breakfast were greater in the IG than in the CG (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A multi-strategy NE intervention is effective in producing positive changes in breakfast-related attitude, self-efficacy, and motivation of adolescents from a low-middle socioeconomic setting. The intervention improved breakfast frequency and nutrient intake. This intervention has promise for sustaining the observed changes over the long-term.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.45.3-46
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• 2015

We present a spectroscopic study of globular clusters in the M81 group that is one of the ideal laboratories for understanding mass assembly and evolution of galaxies, such as M81, the twin galaxy of the Milky Way, and the starburst galaxy M82, in the group environments. Spectra of about 800 globular cluster candidates are obtained using MMT/Hectospec, and about one hundred globular clusters are confirmed by their radial velocities. Based on the kinematics derived from the spectra, we have found that most globular clusters rotate around M81. We have also discovered more than ten globular clusters belonging to M82, and that their kinematics is different from that of young star clusters in the disk of M82. There are few candidates of intra-group globular clusters. We will discuss the implications of these results.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2017

Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) is a worldwide-distributed pathogen in grapevines with a high genetic variability. Our study revealed differences in the complexity of GRSPaV population in a single host. A single-variant GRSPaV infection was detected from the SK30 grapevine plant. On the contrary, SK704 grapevine was infected by three different GRSPaV variants. Variant-specific RT-PCR detection protocols have been developed in this work to study distribution of the three different variants in the same plant during the season. This study showed their randomized distribution in the infected SK704 grapevine plant. Comparative analysis of full-length genome sequences of four Slovak GRSPaV isolates determined in this work and 14 database sequences showed that population of the virus cluster into four major phylogenetic lineages. Moreover, our analyses suggest that genetic recombination along with point mutations could play a significant role in shaping evolutionary history of GRSPaV and contributed to its extant genetic diversification.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2005

Genetic diversity within and between populations of Antheraea mylitta Drury was studied using thirty individuals from three ecoraces using 12 ISSR and 10 RAPD primers. Rally, Daba and Modal ecoraces were collected from Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa states of India respectively. The ISSR and RAPD primers generated $94.7\%$ and $95.6\%$ polymorphism among the 30 individuals. The cluster analysis grouped these individuals according to their ecorace. The intra-ecoracial heterozygosity estimated with ISSR markers were $0.123{\pm}0.18,\;0.169{\pm}0.17\;and\;0.214{\pm}0.17$ respectively for Modal, Raily and Daba ecoraces. Like wise, with RAPD markers the intraecoracial heterozygosity was $0.17{\pm}0.22$ in Modal, $0.229{\pm}0.17$ in Raily and $0.23{\pm}0.19$ in Daba ecoraces. However, the significantly low genetic differentiation (GST) (0.182 for ISSR and 0.161 for RAPD) and the high gene flow (Nm) (2.249 for ISSR and 2.60 for RAPD markers) among the ecoraces revealed that the amount of genetic diversity present among the ecoraces is not significant enough to make drastic genetic drifts among these ecoraces in the near future.