• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of naringenin, one of flavonoids, on the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of diltiazem (15 mg/kg) after oral administration of diltiazem with or without naringenin (2.0, 10 and 20 mg/kg) in rabbits. Coadministration of naringenin increased the absorption rate constant $(K_a)$, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration $(C_{max})$ of diltiazem compared to the control group, but only significantly (p<0.05) by 10mg/kg of naringenin coadministration. The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of diltiazem by coadministration ranges from 7.8% to 10.3%, increased more than control (7.2%), and relative bioavailability (RB%) of diltiazem is increased from 1.08- to 1.43-fold. Coadministration caused on significant changes in the terminal half-lives $(t_{1/2})$ and the time to reach the peak concentration $(T_{max})$ of diltiazem. On the other hand, coadministration of naringenin increased the AUC desacetyldiltiazem, significantly at the dose of 10mg/kg. But the metabolite ratio (MR) was decreased, significantly at 10mg/kg of naringenin. Based on these results, we can make a conclusion that the increased bioavailability and the significant changes of these pharmacokinetic parameters might be due to naringenin, which possess the potency to inhibit the metabolizing enzyme (CYP3A4) in the liver and intestinal mucosa, and also inhibit the P-glycoprotein efflux pump in the intestinal mucosa.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 1997

Phytase(myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydro-lase;EC 3.1.38)활성은 소화기관인 소장 점막에서나 나타났고, 그 외 다른 장기에서는 alkaline phosphatase활성만을 측정할 수 있었다. 그리고 anti-90kDa phytase항혈청을 이용한 면역조직학적 조사 결과 소장 이외의 장기에서는 본 효소의 단백질 밴드가 검출되지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과 phytase는 소장에만 특이적으로 존재하며, 소장 특이적 효소의 생리적 역할로서 Phytic acid(inositol=hexakisphos-phate)를 가수분해한다. 흰쥐의 성장 발육과 더불어 phytase의 활성은 증가한다. 출생 후부터 이유기 전까지는 70kDa phytase외에도 90kDa phy-tase가 출현한다. 이 90kDa phy-tase는 이유기에 합성되는 것으로 추정된다.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.167-176
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• 1974

著者들은 3種의 어류를 재료로 하여, 咽頭, 食道, 胃, 前場部 및 後場部 alkaline phosphatase의 分布상태를 비교관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 미꾸리, 가물치의 咽頭上皮 細胞層에서 중등도의 alkaline phosphatase 양성반응을, 미꾸리와 뱀장어의 食道上皮의 基底細胞層에 증등도의 양성반응을 보였다. 2. 上記 全 魚類의 咽頭, 食道, 腸管膨大部 및 腸粘膜의 杯狀細胞와 胃腺細胞에서는 alkaline phosphatase 활성은 관찰할 수 없었다. 3. 腸管膨大部 및 腸上皮 유리연에 강한 alkaline phosphatase 양성반응을 관찰할 수 있었으나, 미꾸리의 後場部의 上皮유리연에서는 미약한 반응을 보였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1993

간흡충에 감염되었을 때 나타나는 조직병리학적 소견의 변화로는 담관 직경이 확장되고 담관벽이 비후되며, 담관 상피층에 선종성 증식과 배세포 화생이 관찰되었다. 치료 후에는 이러한 변화 중에서 화생이 소실되나 선종성 증식은 상당히 완화되어 잔존하고 담관벽의 비후는 지속된다. 이러한 형태학적인 변화는 선종성인 특징이 있어 어떠한 분비기능이 예상되었다. 이 연구에서는 특히 소장의 분비물이 담관 점막층에서 분비되는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 간흡충 피낭유충을 300개씩 8마리의 토끼에 감염시킨 후, 14주에 프라지관텔로 치료하여 구층 후 6개월 및 1년에 간을 적출하고, 파라핀 포매하여 절편을 만들어 분비물에 대하여 면역조직화학법을 시행하였다. Gastrln과 secretin은 정상토기의 간내 담관 및 감염된 담관에서 나타나지 않았다. Serotonin은 비감염 간 내 담관에서는 관찰되지 않았으나, 감염 대조군의 담관상퍼층에서 몇 개의 양성 세포가 관찰되었다. 그러나 치료 후 6개월에는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 휜쥐에 100개씩 간흡충 피낭유충을 감염시키고 증식된 상피 층에서 소장 미소응모막 효소의 활성을 관찰한 바, alkalinephosphatase의 활성이 감염군에서 대조군과 같은 정도로 관찰되 었으나 sucrose, trehalase, lactate, leucine annnopeptidase의 활성은 나타나지 않았다. 이 결과를 통하여 간흡충 감염시에 증식된 담관상피에 소수의 serotonin 분비세포가 있음을 관찰하였고 다른 소장의 분비기능은 생기지 않음을 확인하였다. 이 serotonin을 포함한 세포는 비만세포로 추정된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.159-163
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• 1982

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) found in duodenal mucosa originally has been suggested as a neurotransmitter. Its localization, however, now known, is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, but scattered at many different kinds of tissues, smooth muscles, endocrine gland and exocrine gland as well as central and peripheral neural tissues. To investigate the effect of VIP on renal function, an experiment has been done in anesthetized male rats. The results obtained were: 1) Urinary output and creatinine clearance decreased significantly during the period of infusion of VIP, 2.0ug/rat/7minutes. 2) Urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and chloride decreased but without significance by infusion of VIP. 3) Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, decreased by VIP administered intravenously in the period of infusion. 4) Changes of urinary output, sodium and chloride excretion was correlated with changes of creatinine clearance. The above data suggest that VIP administered intravenously can suppress the renal hemodynamics indirectly, and also decrease electrolyte excretion through its renal hemodynamic change.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.349-352
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• 2012

A 94-year-old female with end-stage renal disease presents with fever, fatigue, and hematochezia. She had previously resided in Hunan Province, China, and Myanmar, and she immigrated to Taiwan 30 years ago. Colonoscopy revealed a colonic ulcer. Biopsy of the colonic ulcer showed ulceration of the colonic mucosa, and many Paragonimus westermani-like eggs were noted. Serum IgG antibody levels showed strong reactivity with P. westermani excretory-secretory antigens by ELISA. Intestinal paragonimiasis was thus diagnosed according to the morphology of the eggs and serologic finding. After treatment with praziquantel, hematochezia resolved. The present case illustrates the extreme manifestations encountered in severe intestinal paragonimiasis.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.401-405
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• 1998

A male badger which showed depression and bloody diarrhea was submitted to Iksan Branch of Chonbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory for necropsy on May 1998. Grossly, paleness of the mucous membranes was observed and the small intestinal contents were hamorrhagic. The numerous tiny hookworms, sized in 5-10 mm and greyish-white in color, attached to the intestinal mucosa. Male bursa was well developed. Histologically, intestinal lumen was filled with hemorrhagic contents, which contained worms. The epithelial cells of the villi were underwent degeneration and lamina propria was infiltrated by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and goblet cells were hyperplastic. There were rounded cutting plates in the funnel-shaped buccal capsule and transverse striation on sheath in hookworm, ultrastructurally, which were consistent with Uncinaria sp. The shape of eggs were ellipsoidal and morula, and some eggs contained a mobile larva. It was concluded that this badger was infected with Uncinaria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1311-1318
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• 2014

This study was designed to investigate the effects of basal diets supplemented with a clay product consisting of zeolite and attapulgite (ZA) at 1:1 ratio on growth performance, digestibility of feed nutrients, activities of digestive enzymes in small intestine and intestinal health in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 112 one-day-old male chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups with 8 replicates of 7 chickens each. In experiment 2, 84 one-day-old male chickens were randomly allocated into 2 groups consisting 6 replicates of 7 chickens each. The experimental diets both consisted of a maize-soybean basal control diet supplemented with 0% or 2% ZA. The diets were fed from 1 to 42 days of age. The results showed that ZA supplementation could increase body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI), but had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio. The apparent digestibility values of crude protein and gross energy were significantly increased (p<0.05) by ZA from 14 to 16 d and 35 to 37 d. Dietary ZA treatment significantly increased (p<0.05) the activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in jejunal digesta and the activities of maltase and sucrase in jejunal mucosa on days 21 and 42. The ZA supplementation also significantly increased (p<0.05) the catalase activity, reduced (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde concentration in the jejunal mucosa. In addition, a decrease of serum diamine oxidase activity and an increase (p<0.05) in concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A in jejunal mucosa were observed in birds treated with ZA on 21 and 42 days. It is concluded that ZA supplementation (2%) could partially improve the growth performance by increasing BWG and FI. This improvement was achieved through increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes, enhancing the digestibilites of nutrients, promoting intestinal health of broiler chickens.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.450-455
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• 2008

이 실험은 녹차추출물이 흰쥐 소장mucosa에서 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 에스테르화 과정에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 조사하기 위해서 설계되었다 먼저, olive oil을 구강으로 강제 투여했을 때, 1시간 그리고 5시간 후에, 녹차 성분의 변수에 의해서 소장 mucosa 내에 축적된 중성지방이 얼마나 감소하는지를 조사하였다. 그리고 소장세포 내에서 녹차 성분에 의해서 각종 지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배비율이 영향을 받는지 조사하였다. 이 실험에 사용된 micelle 용액은 $200.0\;{\mu}Ci$ $^{14}C$-oleic acid, $200.1\;{\mu}mol$ oleic acid, $200.1\;{\mu}mol$ 2-monooleoylglycerol, $66.7\;{\mu}mol$ palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2.2 mmol glucose, $50.0\;{\mu}mol$ albumin, 그리고 16.5 mmol Na-taurocholate per L of phosphate buffered saline (pH, 6.3)를 기본으로 하며, 실험군의 micelle 용액은 녹차추출물 분말(green tea extract powder)이 8.87 g/L의 농도로 추가되었다. Ligament of Treitz 부위 에 연결된 소장 부위의 양 끝을 살균 처리된 suture silk(4-0 Silk)로 느슨하게 매듭처리 한 후, $800.0\;{\mu}L$ micelle 용액을 매듭 처리된 소장의 윗매듭 속으로 주입하여, 장기 및 부속기관을 원위치시켰다. 10분 후에, cervical dislocation 방법으로 희생시킨 후 매듭된 소장 부위를 꺼내어 장내용물(luminal content)의 잔존 $^{14}C$-oleic acid를 측정하였다. 획득된 소장 벽에서 각종 지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배율을 측정하였다. 소장 mucosa에서 총지방량은 녹차추출물에 의해서 영향을 받지 않았으나, 이중 중성지방의 비율은 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 소장 벽에서 각종지방으로 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 분배율은 녹차추출물에 의해서, 중성지방과 인지질 분획에서 유의적인 감소현상을 보였다. 이 실험은, 이전 동물실험들에서 누차 보고되었던, 녹차추출물에 의한 소장 지방 흡수 억제 현상은 $^{14}C$-oleic acid의 에스테르화 비율과 상관성이 있는 것으로 제시하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.582-589
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• 2008

This study attempted to determine effects of recombinant porcine epidermal growth factor (pEGF) and glutamine (Gln) supplement on the growth performance and intestinal development of piglets weaned at 14 days of age. A total of ninety-six piglets were allotted to one of four dietary treatments which comprised inclusion of 1.0 mg pEGF supernatant/kg diet or 0.5% Gln both alone and in combination. Each treatment consisted of four replicates with six pigs per pen for a 28 days experimental period. Two pigs per replicate were sacrificed and gastrointestinal tract samples were collected on day 14. Data showed that dietary treatment failed to promote growth performance. On day 14, diets supplemented with pEGF elevated pancreatic chymotrypsin, jejunal alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, lactase and maltase activities (p<0.05), but failed to alter the small intestinal villus morphology, DNA, or protein content of gastrointestinal mucosa. Diets supplemented with Gln increased pancreatic chymotrypsin activity, tended to enhance the protein contents of gastric (p = 0.08) and jejunal mucosa (p = 0.09) but did not influence the serum IgA level or the enzyme activity in the gastrointestinal tract. On day 28, the diets supplemented with Gln increasedt (p<0.05) serum IgA and the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by PHA stimulation. However, a combination of pEGF and Gln did not have a synergistic effect on these biomarkers in early-weaned piglets. The results demonstrate that diets supplemented with recombinant pEGF supernatant indeed improve intestinal digestive enzyme activity and diets supplemented with Gln increases the immune response in early-weaned piglets.