• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2004

Background : Methotrexate (MTX) has been used to treat a wide range of malignant and benign diseases including osteosarcoma, advanced stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, psoriasis, severe rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and Wegener's granulomatosis. MTX-induced lung injury occurs in up to 10% of treated patients. Although both acute and chronic presentations have been described, typical manifestation of MTX-induced lung injury is subacute with symptoms usually developing within several months after starting therapy. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is the most common histopathologic manifestation of MTX-induced lung disease, while bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) are less common. Granuloma formation is reported in 34.7%. In Korea, Two reports of MTX pneumonitis have been published. The one presented with NSIP and the other with DAD. We recently experienced a case of MTX pneumonitis with presentation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.416-420
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• 2008

Many classes of drug, such as antineoplastic drugs and antiarrhythmic drugs, have potential to induce interstitial lung disease. Herbal medicines are also believed to have the potential to induce pneumonitis. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports of pneumonitis caused by herbal medications in the Korean medical database. We report a case of recurrent pneumonitis caused by a self rechallenge of the Herbal medicine Bojungikgitang (Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang : Hochu-ekki-to).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.606-612
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• 1996

A specific ammino auid in a mixture can be crystallized inside an ion exchange column when displacer concentration is high enough to concentrate the amino acid in a pure band beyond its solubility limit. Glutamic acid formpd a discrete crystal layer in a cation exchanger column by operating displacement development mode and using a high concentration of displacer NaOH. The glutamic acid crystal formed was eluded from the column with the effluent stream and collected in a fraction collector. When 1.0 M of NaOH was used as a displacer, more than 60% of the loaded glutamic acid was recovered as crystal. The continuous crystallization and dissolution of crystal occurred, resulting in apparent movement of the crystal along the column without clogging or pressure increase. NaOH was proved a better displacer than NaCl because hydroxide ions neutralized hydrogen ions released from the resin and thus reduced the number of hydrogen ion competing with sodium ion for re-adsorption. The displacement development process coupled with crystallization provided higher concentration and recovery of glutamic acrid than conventional chromatography.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3643-3646
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• 2016

Management of eyelid cancers is based on surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT). The treatment objective is to control tumors with acceptable functional and esthetic outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of radiation therapy in management of epithelial eyelid cancers, reviewing retrospectively the clinical records of patients treated in our institution from January 1989 to December 2013. We focused on clinical and histological features, treatment characteristics, tolerance and disease control. One hundred and eight patients (62 men and 46 women) were enrolled, with a mean age of 61 years [ranges 15-87]. The most frequent tumor location was the inner canthus (42.6%). Median tumor size was 21 mm [ranges 4-70]. Histological type was basal cell carcinoma in 88 cases (81.5%), squamous cell carcinoma in 16 (14.8%) and sebaceous carcinoma in 4 (3.7%). Radiation therapy was exclusive in 67 cases (62%) and post-operative for positive or close margins in the remaining cases. Kilovoltage external beam radiotherapy (KVRT) was used in 63 patients (58.3%) and low-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy in 37 (34.3%). Eight (7.4%) were treated with cobalt or with a combination of KVRT-cobalt, KVRT-electron beams, KVRT-brachytherapy or cobalt-electron beams. The total delivered radiation doses were 70 Gy (2 Gy/fraction) in 62 patients (57.4%), 66 Gy (2 Gy/fraction) in 37 (34.3%) and 61.2 Gy (3.4Gy/fraction) in 9 (8.3%). After a median follow-up of 64 months, we noted 10 cases of local recurrences(9.2%): 7 after exclusive and 3 after post-operative RT. No local recurrence occurred in patients treated with brachytherapy. Actuarial 5-year local recurrence-free rate, disease-free survival and overall survival were respectively 90%, 90% and 97%. T-stage was found to be a significant factor for recurrence (p=0.047). All acute radiation-related reactions were scored grade I or II. Delayed effects were eye watering in 24 cases (22.2%), eye dryness in 19 (17.6%), unilateral cataract in 7 (6.4%) and ectropion in 4 (3.7%). Radiation therapy and especially brachytherapy is an efficient treatment of eyelid cancers, allowing eye conservation and functional preservation with good local control rates and acceptable toxicity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.sup1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2016

Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the terminal or interstitial deletion of the chromosome 22q13.3. Patients with this syndrome usually have global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delays. Several putative genes such as the SHANK3, RAB, RABL2B, and IB2 are responsible for the neurological features. This study describes the clinical features and outcomes of Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Two patients showing global developmental delay, hypotonia, and speech delay were diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid syndrome via chromosome analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging of Patients 1 and 2 showed delayed myelination and severe communicating hydrocephalus, respectively. Electroencephalography in patient 2 showed high amplitude spike discharges from the left frontotemporoparietal area, but neither patient developed seizures. Kidney ultrasonography of both the patients revealed multicystic kidney disease and pelviectasis, respectively. Patient 2 experienced recurrent respiratory infections, and chest computed tomography findings demonstrated laryngotracheomalacia and bronchial narrowing. He subsequently died because of heart failure after a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation at 5 months of age. Patient 1, who is currently 20 months old, has been undergoing rehabilitation therapy. However, global developmental delay was noted, as determines using the Korean Infant and Child Development test, the Denver developmental test, and the Bayley developmental test. This report describes the clinical features, outcomes, and molecular genetic characteristics of two Korean patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.337-337
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• 2014

투명 전도성 산화물(transparent conductive oxide: TCO) 박막은 높은 투과율과 낮은 비저항 덕분에 LCD (liquid crystal display), PDP (plasma display panel), OLED (organic light emitting display) 등 평판 디스플레이에 널리 사용되고 있다. 현재 양산되고 있는 ITO (indium tin oxide)는 90% 이상의 높은 투과율과 우수한 전도성으로 인해 TCO 박막 가운데서 디스플레이 산업에서 가장 널리 쓰이고 있다. 그런데, ITO의 인듐산화물에 의한 간질성 폐렴(interstitial pneumonia)의 유발 위험이 있다든가, 인듐의 매장량이 적어 원자재 가격이 비싼 단점도 가지고 있다. 이에 최근 ITO를 대체할 수 있는 TCO물질로 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있는데, 특히 AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide)는 그 중 대표적인 대체물질로서 독성이 없고 가격도 저렴하여 많은 관심이 증폭되고 있다. 현재 AZO는 sol-gel 방법이나 CVD (chemical vapor deposition) 또는 스퍼터링 방법 등으로 증착되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 두 개의 이종타겟(hetero target)을 장착한 대향 타겟 스퍼터링(facing target sputtering: FTS) 장치를 사용하여 AZO 박막을 제작한다. 기존의 여러 증착법과 달리, FTS 장치는 두 타겟 사이에 형성되는 플라즈마 내의 ${\gamma}$-전자를 구속하게 되며, 낮은 가스 압력에서 고밀도 플라즈마가 생성되어 빠른 증착 속도와 안정적인 방전을 유지한 상태에서 박막을 증착할 수가 있다. 또한 기판과 플라즈마가 이격되어 있어 높은 에너지를 갖는 입자들의 기판 충돌을 억제할 수 있는 장점들을 갖는다. 이종 타겟인 ZnO와 Al2O3를 사용하고 각 타겟에 인가되는 파워 변화를 통해 AZO 박막 내 Al2O3의 성분비를 조절하였다. ZnO 타겟의 증착 파워를 100 W로 고정할 경우, Al2O3 타겟의 증착 파워가 (50~90) W으로 실험을 하였으며, Al2O3 타겟의 증착 파워가 70 W일 때 AZO 박막의 Al2O3 성분비는 2.02 wt.%이며 박막의 비저항 값은 $5{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$로 최소값을 보였다. 이러한 비저항의 변화는 파워에 따른 AZO 박막의 캐리어 이동도(Hall mobility)와 캐리어의 농도(Carrier Concentration)의 변화와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 보여주며, 특히 AZO 박막의 캐리어 농도와 캐리어 이동도는 AZO 박막을 형성하고 있는 결정립의 크기에 의존하는 것이 X-선 회절 패턴과 SEM으로부터 확인되었다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 두 개의 이종 타겟(hetero target) Al2O3와 ZnO를 장착하고 각각의 파워를 변화시켜 도핑 량을 조절할 수는 대향 타겟 스퍼터링(FTS: facing-target sputtering) 방법을 이용하여 제작된 AZO 박막에 대해 전기적, 광학적 및 구조적 특성을 분석하고 ITO의 대체물로서의 가능성을 검토하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.335-335
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• 2014

Over the past several years, transparent conducting oxides have been extensively studied in order to replace indium tin oxide (ITO). Here we report on fluorine doped zinc tin oxide (FZTO) films deposited on glass substrates by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering using a 30 wt% ZnO with 70 wt% SnO2 ceramic targets. The F-doping was carried out by introducing a mixed gas of pure Ar, CF4, and O2 forming gas into the sputtering chamber while sputtering ZTO target. Annealing temperature affects the structural, electrical and optical properties of FZTO thin films. All the as-deposited FZTO films grown at room temperature are found to be amorphous because of the immiscibility of SnO2 and ZnO. Even after the as-deposited FZTO films were annealed from $300{\sim}500^{\circ}C$, there were no significant changes. However, when the sample is annealed temperature up to $600^{\circ}C$, two distinct diffraction peaks appear in XRD spectra at $2{\Theta}=34.0^{\circ}$ and $52.02^{\circ}$, respectively, which correspond to the (101) and (211) planes of rutile phase SnO2. FZTO thin film annealed at $600^{\circ}C$ resulted in decrease of resistivity $5.47{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}cm$, carrier concentration ~1019 cm-3, mobility~20 cm2 V-1s-1 and increase of optical band gap from 3.41 to 3.60 eV with increasing the annealing temperatures and well explained by Burstein-Moss effect. Change of work function with the annealing temperature was obtained by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The increase of annealing temperature leads to increase of work function from ${\phi}=3.80eV$ (as-deposited FZTO) to ${\phi}=4.10eV$ ($600^{\circ}C$ annealed FZTO) which are quite smaller than 4.62 eV for Al-ZnO and 4.74 eV for SnO2. Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, incorporation of F atoms was found at around the binding energy of 684.28 eV in the as-deposited and annealed FZTO up to 400oC, but can't be observed in the annealed FZTO at 500oC. This result indicates that F atoms in FZTO films are loosely bound or probably located in the interstitial sites instead of substitutional sites and thus easily diffused into the vacuum from the films by thermal annealing. The optical transmittance of FZTO films was higher than 80% in all specimens and 2-3% higher than ZTO films. FZTO is a possible potential transparent conducting oxide (TCO) alternative for application in optoelectronics.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.775-780
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• 1995

Thin films of titanium nitride are formed using the tetrakis-dimethyl-amino-titanium (TDMAT(Ti[N($CH_3$)$_2$]$_4$)) under various conditions. The formation of TiN films has been obtained from the thermal decomposition of the Ti-precursor and the gas phase reaction between TDMAT and ammonia(NH$_3$). The resistivity of the MOCVD film can be attributed to their impurity. Especially the curve fitting graph of XPS data is revealed that main impurities in the films as carbon and oxygen make various interstitial compounds which has influenced physical and electrical properties of the film. In the contact hole with the aspect ratio of 3:1 and the diameter of 0.5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, the SEM morphology shows that the step coverage is more decreased in the films formed y flowing ammonia additionally than the films formed by pyrolysis of TDMAT and the phenomenon is probably related with the activation energy.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.49-69
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• 1966

For the purpose of stydying the pharmacodynamic action of methemoglobin, the author made the following experiments: 1. Preparation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin solutions: Red cell suspension from rabbit blood was hemolysed with distilled water and then divided into two portions. One portion was dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic with the proper amount of sodium chloride. The second portion was treated with sodium nitrite to convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic. 2. The concentration of methemoglobin in solution, plasma and urine was determined by Horecker and Brackette's method, and that of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method. 3. The concentration of methemoglobin and hemoglobin in the plasma and urine of rabbits was measured at several intervals of time after infusion of the above samples. 4. The blood pressure and respiration of rabbits were recorded on a kymograph, and the effects of the samples on them were observed. 5. The effects of the samples on the movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were studied. 6. The kidneys of rabbits were excised 4 to 5 hours after injection of the samples, and histopathological examinations were made. These experiments revealed the following results: 1. When methemoglobin solution was allowed to stand in room air, there was no decrease in the concentration of methemoglobin. 2. When methemoglobin solution was mixed with whole blood and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$, the concentration of methemoglobin decteased gradually. 3. After the infusion of methemoglobin and hemoglobin solutions, the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin in the plasma was more rapid than that of hemoglobin in the plasma. The higher the initial concentration in the plasma, the larger was the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin. 4. The rate of disappearance of methemoglobin was exceedingly rapid for 30 minutes after the infusion. 5. The urinary excretion of methemoglobin was more rapid than that of hemoglobin. 6. It would seem that the circulating blood contains substances which are promptly mobilized in the plasma to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin. 7. Moderate amounts of methemoglobin solution caused some rise in the blood pressure and a transient acceleration of the respiration of the rabbits. These effects of methemoglobin were milder than those of hemoglobin. 8. The movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were accelerated by methemoglobin. These accelerating effects were milder than those of hemoglobin. 9. In the kidneys of rabbits treated with methemoglobin solution, hyperemia of the glomeruli, cloudy swelling and hemoglobin deposit in the tubular epithelium, hemoglobin casts in the tubular lumina of the proximal tubules, and interstitial congestion were constantly observed. There was no definite difference between the histological findings in the rabbit kidneys injected with methemoglobin, and those injected with hemoglobin solutions.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1997

Purpose : The main Purpose of this study is to develop new payment rates for services of Radiation Oncology, considering costs of treating patients. Material and Methods : A survey of forty hospitals has been conducted in order to analyze the costs of treating patients. Before conducting the survey, we evaluated and reclassified the individual service items currently using as Payments units on the fee-for-service reimbursement system. This study embodies the analysis of replies received from the twenty four hospitals. The survey contains informations about the hospitals' costs of 1995 for the reclassified service items on Radiation Oncology. After we adjust the hospital costs by the operating rate of medical equipment, we compare the adjusted costs with the current Payment rates of individual services. Results : The current payment rates were 5.05-6.58 times lower than the adjusted costs in treatment planning services, 2.22 times lower in block making service, 1.57-2.86 times lower in external beam irradiation services, 3.82-5.01 times lower in intracavitary and interstitial irradiation and 1.12-2.55 times lower in total body irradiation. Conclusion : We could conclude that the current payment system on Radiation Oncology does not only reflect the costs of treating patients appropriately but also classify the service items correctly. For an example, when the appropriate costs and classification are applied to TBI, the payment rates of TBI should be increased five times more than current level.