• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-91
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• 1992

A new type of horizontal submerged break water or fixed structure to control waves near coastal area is introduced to focus wave energy before or behind it. Intentionally, the water depth near the structure is changed gradually to get a refraction and diffraction effect. The concentration of wave energy due to the structure was analyzed for the selected design of structure. The shape of the submerged structure in consideration is a circular combined with elliptical curve not to cause reflection of waves at the extreme edge of the structure but cause wave scattering. The direction of the structure against the incident wave is changed easily in the model Applying a regular wave train the following were examined. 1) whether a crescent plain submerged structure designed by the wave refraction theory can concentrate wave energy at a focal zone behind and before it without wave breaking phenomenon. 2) Location of maximum wave amplification factor in terms of the incident wave direction, wave period, etc. In any event the study would contribute to control waves near coastal area and to protect a beach from erosion without interruption of ocean view it is an useful study for the concentration of wave energy efficiently with the increase of wave height.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2023

Using the Kalman filtering technique, we propose a novel method for estimating the missing video frames to monitor the activities inside the control room of a nuclear power plant (NPP). The purpose of this study is to reinforce the existing security and safety procedures in the control room of an NPP. The NPP control room serves as the nervous system of the plant, with instrumentation and control systems used to monitor and control critical plant parameters. Because the safety and security of the NPP control room are critical, it must be monitored closely by security cameras in order to assess and reduce the onset of any incidents and accidents that could adversely impact the safety of the NPP. However, for a variety of technical and administrative reasons, continuous monitoring may be interrupted. Because of the interruption, one or more frames of the video may be distorted or missing, making it difficult to identify the activity during this time period. This could endanger overall safety. The demonstrated Kalman filter model estimates the value of the missing frame pixel-by-pixel using information from the frame that occurred in the video sequence before it and the frame that will occur in the video sequence after it. The results of the experiment provide evidence of the effectiveness of the algorithm.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) generally demonstrate the asymmetries in the lip, nose and the naso-maxillary complex. And their skeletal asymmetries are known to be derived from the displacement of nasal septum, anterior nasal spine (ANS) and the pre-maxilla toward the non-affected side during the developmental and growth period. Due to the interruption of the important facial muscles, which are critical for the symmetric growth of premaxilla, functional matrix system fails to develop and results in the displacement of the ANS toward the non-affected side and nasal asymmetry. Therefore the rhinoplasty for CLP patients is required to have inter-skeletal and muscular rearrangement in the naso-maxillary complex in order to let them recover from esthetic and physiologic imbalances. And functional cheilorhinoplasty (FCR) has been a representative treatment of choice for this concept of treatment modality. The outcome and prognosis of primary or repair FCR have been known to be definitely affected by timing of the operation as well as adequate reconstruction of naso-labial muscles. However, sometimes FCR has an ineffective treatment results for patients after the facial growth period, and the limited rhinoplasty around the nose often fails to bring satisfying results. In order to circumvent this limitation, we performed ANS osteotomy for patients with unilateral CLP showing asymmetric nose, as an alternative way for corrective rhinoplasty. We could observe that the nose was rearranged along the facial mid-line by this osteotomy design and asymmetries were evidently improved postoperatively. Here we present this osteotomy method in CLP patients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1976

The organized community is the one of the best system for the effective public health administration, and a model area was selected for the study to see what would be achieved when a certain small community is placed under the special public health control based on the family unit. The 178 families involved total of 875 populations. The rate of vaccination with B.C.G. among 191 infants and children could be increased upto 100.0% from 72.5% of the time when the basic study was performed after 8 months period of this study; 99.0% from 47.1% with D.P.T.; 96,9% from 71.7% against smallpox; 83.2% from 69.1% against poliomyelitis; but only 25,7% from 21.5% against measles. The status of family planing was 36.8% among 155 women of possible conception at the time of the basic research. And, at the end of this study, the number of women utilizing one of the methods of contraception for family planning were increased upto 52.9% among the same number. The most frequently utilized method was 34.1% of oral pills followed by 30.5% of intrauterine device; but both of which had higher rate of interruption of use because of the complications, 14.3% and 16.0% respectively. The 10 pregnant women at the time of basic research experienced normal deliveries during the period of study and they had received pre and postnatal health care through this health center. The status of oral hygiene, pulmonary tuberculosis control, and parasitological examination were also reported as well as the cases with diseases seen among the population and vaccinations performed against other infectious diseases. The stress on discussion was placed upon the effectiveness of public health administration when it is undergone on the individual family unit to achieve the best results. However, the shortness of both personnel and material resources were considered to be the one of the major difficulties retarding the generalization of the idea obtained through this study based on family unit public health administration.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.434-439
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• 2014

This research was conducted to examine the effects of night interruption (NI) at different times on vegetative growth and flowering in Salvia splendens 'Salsa'. Plants were grown in a growth chamber under 9-h photoperiod (short-day, SD) or 9-h photoperiod plus NI with light intensity at $3-5{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ photosynthetic photon flux. The NI was applied at 18:00-22:00 HR (NI18), 22:00-02:00 HR (NI22), or 02:00-06:00 HR (NI02). The net photosynthetic rate under NI18, NI22, and NI02 increased by 0.33, 0.16, and $0.13{\mu}mol{\cdot}CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively, during the NI period. Dry weight, plant height, and the number of nodes under NI were not significantly different from those of the plants under SD. However, flowering was earlier by approximately 9.8 days, and the number of flowers increased to 138.7 in NI02 compared to 36.4 flowers under SD at 17 weeks after the treatment. Our results indicate that NI02 was the most effective treatment in promoting flowering. Although vegetative growth of salvia was not increased in response to the increased net photosynthesis, flowering was promoted. Under NI18, NI22, and NI02 treatments, 77.8, 88.9, and 100.0% of salvia plants flowered within 8 weeks, whereas 44.4% of the plants flowered within the same time under SD conditions.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of panoramic radiological risk signs related with mandibular third molar extraction, and the relationship between these risk signs and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury after tooth extraction. Cases were defined as 1000 mandibular third molars extracted by surgical approach at Samsung Medical Center during the period from March 2001 to December 2006. Seven radiological risk signs were assessed on the panoramic radiogram by three expert oral surgeons. Clinical demographic data and severity of IAN injury were examined on medical records. Bivariate analyses were completed to assess the relationship between radiological risk signs and IAN injury. The radiological risk signs showed in 381 cases(38.1%). The incidence of each radiological risk signs were; interruption of IAN white line, 152 cases(15.2%); deflected roots, 141 cases(14.1%); darkening root, 119 cases(11.9%); diversion of IAN, 57 cases(5.7%) ; IAN narrowing, 37 cases(3.7%); root narrowing, 17 cases(1.7%); dark and bifid apex, 10 cases(1.0%). The incidence of IAN injury in cases with risk signs were: in the case of any sign, 3.6%; interruption of IAN white line, 2.6%; deflected roots 5.7%; darkening root. 3.4%; diversion of IAN, 5.7%; IAN narrowing, 3.7%; root narrowing, 5.9%; dark and bifid apex, 0%. No IAN injury was showed in 619 cases without risk sign (p<0.05). In conclusion, the presence of panoramic risk signs was associated with an increased risk for IAN injury during mandibular third molar extraction, whereas the absence of risk signs was associated with a minimal risk of nerve injury.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate the results of the treatment of locally advanced but resectable rectal cancers and to analyze prognostic factors. especially with the emphasis on the treatment time factor. Materials and Methods : There were 71 patients with rectal cancer who had been treated by curative surgical procedure and postoperative radiotherapy from August 1989 to December 1993. The minimum follow up period was 24 months and the median follow-up was 35 months Radiation therapy had been given by 6 MV linear accelerator by parallel opposing or four-box portals. Whole pelvis was treated up to 5040 cGy in most cases. Systemic chemotherapy had been given in 94$\%$ of the patients, mostly with 5-FU/ACNU regimen. Assessment for the overall and disease-free survival rates were done by life-table method and prognostic factors by Log-Rank tests. Results : Five-year overall survival, disease-free survival were 58.8$\%$ and 57$\%$, respectively. Two-year local control rate was 76.6$\%$. Stage according to Modified Astler-Coller (MAC) system, over 4 positive lymph nodes, over 6weeks interval between definitive surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy and over 7 days of interruption during radiotherapy period were statistically significant, or borderline significant prognostic factors. Conclusion : The treatment results of patients with rectal cancers are comparable to those of other large institutes. The treatment results for the patients with bowel wall penetration and/or positive regional lymph nodes were still discouraging for their high local recurrence rate for the patients with MAC 'c' stage diseases and high distant metastases rate even for the patients with node-negative diseases. Maybe more effective regimen of chemotherapy would be needed with proper route and schedule. To maximize postoperative adjuvant treatment. radiotherapy should be started at least within 6 weeks after surgery and preferably as soon as wound healing is completed. Interruption of treatment during radiotherapy course affects disease-free survival badly, especially if exceeds 7 days. So, the total treatment period trout definitive surgery to the completion of radiotherapy should be kept as minimal as possiable.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.349-357
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• 2017

The design of reinforced concrete structures strongly depends on the value of the compression concrete strength used for the structural components. Given the uncertainties involved on the materials quality provided by concrete manufacturers, in the construction stage, these components may be either over or under-reinforced respect to the nominal condition. If the structure is under reinforced, and the deficit on safety level is not as large to require the structure demolition, someone should assume the consequences, and pay for the under standard condition by means of a penalty. If the structure is over reinforced, and other failure modes are not induced, the builder may receive a bonus, as a consequence of the higher, although unrequested, building resistance. The change on the building safety level is even more critical when the structure is under a seismic environment. In this research, a reliability-based criteria, including the consideration of expected losses, is proposed for bonification/penalization, when there are moderated differences between the supplied and specified reinforced concrete strength for the buildings. The formulation is applied to two hypothetical, with regular structural type, 3 and 10 levels reinforced concrete buildings, located on the soft soil zone of Mexico City. They were designed under the current Mexican code regulations, and their responses for typical spectral pseudoaccelerations, combined with their respective occurrence probabilities, are used to calculate the building failure probability. The results are aimed at providing objective basis to start a negotiation towards a satisfactory agreement between the involved parts. The main contribution resides on the explicit consideration of potential losses, including the building and contents losses and the business interruption due to the reconstruction period.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.61-79
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• 2006

To come up with the recommendations to improve the patent & trademark retrieval efficiency, 100,016 patent & trademark search requests by 17,559 unique users over a period of 193 days were analyzed. By analyzing 2,202 multi-query sessions, where one user issuing two or more queries consecutively, we discovered a number of retrieval efficiency improvements clues. The session analysis result also led to suggestions for new system features to help users reformulating queries. The patent & trademark retrieval users were found to be similar to the typical web users in certain aspects especially in issuing short queries. However, we also found that the patent & trademark retrieval users used Boolean operators more than the typical web search users. By analyzing the multi-query sessions, we found that the users had five intentions in reformulating queries such as paraphrasing, specialization, generalization, alternation, and interruption, which were also used by the web search engine users.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Pressure sores are an ulceration and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissue usually occur after prolonged or repeated pressure by interruption of blood flow from the small. vessels to the skin and deep tissue. The management of pressure sores is mostly difficult and requires prolonged hospitalization or repeated surgical interventions with a high recurrence rate. In this article we reviewed 14 cases of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Pannel staging III, IV over the lateral malleolar area of the ankle in 2 years period from January 1999 to October 2001. The pressure over lateral malleolar area was mainly due to unique Korean sitting position with cross legs at flexed hips and knees or supine position of patient with external rotation of low extremity. Male to female ratio was 11: 3 and ages were between 36 and 83 (mean age: 67.1 years). Associated diseases were DM(7 cases), Hemiparesis caused by CVA(2 cases), Liver cirrhosis(2 cases), disarticulation of opposite hip due to squamous cell ca.(1 case), Intertrochanteric Fx.(1 case). Wound cultures reported Staphylococus, Pseudomonas and others. Abnormally elevated ESR and CRP were seen in 6 cases. Operative treatments were irrigation and debridement, direct closure with gravity drainage and skin grafting. The most important aspect of pressure sore treatment is pressure relief of the lateral malleolar area. Pressure-relieving Cast or Brace was helpful for local management and preventing recurrence.