• Title/Summary/Keyword: Internationalization Process

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The Role of New Information and Communication Technologies in the Internationalization of Firms: A Case Study of Haier (기업의 국제화와 신 정보통신기술의 역할: 중국 Haier 기업을 사례로)

  • Liu, Shuguang;Liu, Weidong
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.400-412
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    • 2003
  • It is now widely recognized that new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been changing the way tv which firms conduct their businesses. Examples are the application of enterprise resources planning (ERP) and business process reengineering (BPR) to increase the efficiency of internal resources management, adoption of Business-to-Business e-commerce (B2B e-com) to integrate supply chain, and invention of new marketing channels such as Business-to-Customer (B2C) e-com. These new ways of conducting businesses are believed to help firms to reduce transaction costs and increase productivity. As a result, new ICTs have played an important role in recent growth of many small firms into multi-functional and multi-product corporations and in their spatial expansion towards internationalization as well. This paper takes Haier in China as a case to study the role of new ICTs in the growth of firms and reveal how the new technologies have facilitated the expansion of Haier into a transnational corporation (TNC) by examining the internationalization process of the firm in relation to its adoption of new ICTs in the period from 1990 to 2002. The study reveals that the adoption of new Ins has helped Haier to integrate its functional units located in dozens of places across the world, which is essential to the internationalization of a firm, and to link closely together its worldwide suppliers and customers to achieve just-in-time (JIT) production and delivery. As such, the authors of the paper argue that, without the facilitation of new ICTS, Haier could not have developed into a TNC in less than ten years.It is now widely recognized that new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been changing the way tv which firms conduct their businesses. Examples are the application of enterprise resources planning (ERP) and business process reengineering (BPR) to increase the efficiency of internal resources management, adoption of Business-to-Business e-commerce (B2B e-com) to integrate supply chain, and invention of new marketing channels such as Business-to-Customer (B2C) e-com. These new ways of conducting businesses are believed to help firms to reduce transaction costs and increase productivity. As a result, new ICTs have played an important role in recent growth of many small firms into multi-functional and multi-product corporations and in their spatial expansion towards internationalization as well. This paper takes Haier in China as a case to study the role of new ICTs in the growth of firms and reveal how the new technologies have facilitated the expansion of Haier into a transnational corporation (TNC) by examining the internationalization process of the firm in relation to its adoption of new ICTs in the period from 1990 to 2002. The study reveals that the adoption of new Ins has helped Haier to integrate its functional units located in dozens of places across the world, which is essential to the internationalization of a firm, and to link closely together its worldwide suppliers and customers to achieve just-in-time (JIT) production and delivery. As such, the authors of the paper argue that, without the facilitation of new ICTS, Haier could not have developed into a TNC in less than ten years.

A qualitative study for barrier factors of Korean venture firms' internationalization using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP를 이용한 한국벤처기업의 국제화 장애요인에 관한 질적 연구)

  • Yoo, Sung-Joon;Kim, Hag-Min
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.199-221
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    • 2018
  • The internationalization of venture firms is of importance resulting from the increased opportunities as well as the entry barriers faced in this process. This study is to investigate barrier factors affecting Korean venture firms' internationalization. Among these factors, we measured relative weights using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Literatures regarding global firm's internationalization was reviewed, and barriers were classified environment, corporate and CEO barriers. Multiple variables were used in order to measure their relative significance. We surveyed executives of venture firms comprising two groups: first, 15 global venture firms, and secondly, gradually internationalizing firms. The two groups show contradictory results as environment barriers are the primary for born-global ventures and corporate barriers are the primary for gradually internationalizing ventures. Concerning corporate barriers, the lack of marketing capability is the highest barrier for both groups. The CEO barrier is the lowest for both groups. Regarding corporate barriers, gradually internationalizing ventures considers the risk of business as highest, whereas born-global ventures features the lack of R&D capacity as highest Results of this paper imply that firms should consider priority and sequential approaches in facing environment, corporate and CEO barriers.

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A Case Analysis of Entry in Global Fashion Market : The Case of Zara and Uniqlo (해외 패션시장 진출 사례분석: 자라와 유니클로를 중심으로)

  • Kim, Hyojung;Kwon, Ki-Hoon
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.509-532
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    • 2013
  • This paper analyzed the functional global entry process of firms by real business cases. We reviewed the global firm Zara and Uniqlo's functional global entry process by Malnight (1995) four-step model which is composed of appendage, participation, contribution, integration stages. We found that both Zara and Uniqlo made successful internationalization using integrated global value chain. However, Zara maintained the home-initiated internationalization strategy on whole value chain, Uniqlo operated subsidiary-initiated functional strategy in specific value chain activities. This study suggests that internationalization occurs at the level of the function, rather than the firm. In addition, this study suggests practical implication to Korean fashion firms that global firms should maintain the functional global entry strategy basing on firm's internationalization steps.

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A Global Korean Networking Strategy for Tourism-related Firms' Internationalization (관광관련기업의 국제화를 위한 글로벌 코리안 네트워킹 전략)

  • Kim, Min-Sook;Bang, Ho-Yeol
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.55-79
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    • 2012
  • The previous studies based on a resource-based view of firm highlighted the role of resources within a firm in creating and sustaining competitive advantage. Recent research, however, the relational view points to the importance of inter-firm sources(or relational capital) in creating firm competitiveness. In international business field, the studies on born-global firms also states that when firms are lack of ownership-specific advantages in their internationalization process, they resort to the external partners and social networks to complement their resource scarcity. By adopting the relational view and born-global firms concept, a network-based approach needs to be applied to explain the international strategy of Korean service firms. This is because most of Korean service firms own less ownership-specific advantages than global competitors. This study proposes Korean firms' global network building and exploiting strategy to enhance their international stages of development. The network, for example, Global Korean Tourism Network, enables network members access to the valuable resources and capabilities they are lack of when undergoing internationalization process. This study's contribution is along two dimension. First, even global Korean network is emerging as a major issue in recent years, we could not figure out how to build global Korean network for service firms. This studies gives an answer. Second, we derived what benefits can be gained from the network if Global Korean Tourism Network is developed for hotel, tourism, convention firms' internationalization.

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KCI Candidate Review Assessment and internationalization strategy by JEMM(The Journal of Economics, Marketing, and Management) of The International Convergence Management Association

  • Kim, Taejoong
    • The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.40-42
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to review and analyze JEMM(The Journal of Economics, Marketing, and Management) of ICMA(The International Convergence Management Association) and all of published articles of 2013 to 2016 and to revise and update the existing publication strategies in order to improve the internationalization and reputation of JEMM. JEMM of ICMA is a new academic journal of Korea Distribution Science Association(KODISA). It is still in its early stage as it is founded in 2013 as an academic journal to increase an recognition through KCI Candidate application under National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF). It endeavors its efforts to be recognized as a reputable international journal. This study was conducted to confirm the current status of JEMM in the current standards and to establish a strategic process to complement the deficiencies and achieve the goals. JEMM of ICMA has three distinguished features of online submission and review system, only English-based papering, reviewing by anonymous refrees. JEMM of ICMA continuously revised and updated its publication standards and practices and adopted technological support systems to enable its journals to remain independent and open access in order to ultimately become one of the most international journals.

A Study on the Born Global Venture Corporation's Characteristics and Performance ('본글로벌(born global)전략'을 추구하는 벤처기업의 특성과 성과에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyung-Jun;Jung, Duk-Hwa
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.39-59
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    • 2007
  • The international involvement of a firm has been described as a gradual development process "a process in which the enterprise gradually increases its international involvement in many studies. This process evolves in the interplay between the development of knowledge about foreign markets and operations on one hand and increasing commitment of resources to foreign markets on the other." On the basis of Uppsala internationalization model, many studies strengthen strong theoretical and empirical support. According to the predictions of the classic stages theory, the internationalization process of firms have been recognized and characterized gradual evolution to foreign markets, so called stage theory: indirect & direct export, strategic alliance and foreign direct investment. However, termed "international new ventures" (McDougall, Shane, and Oviatt 1994), "born globals" (Knight 1997; Knight and Cavusgil 1996; Madsen and Servais 1997), "instant internationals" (Preece, Miles, and Baetz 1999), or "global startups" (Oviatt and McDougall 1994) have been used and come into spotlight in internationalization study of technology intensity venture companies. Recent researches focused on venture company have suggested the phenomenons of 'born global' firms as a contradiction to the stages theory. Especially the article by Oviatt and McDougall threw the spotlight on international entrepreneurs, on international new ventures, and on their importance in the globalising world economy. Since venture companies have, by definition. lack of economies of scale, lack of resources (financial and knowledge), and aversion to risk taking, they have a difficulty in expanding their market to abroad and pursue internalization gradually and step by step. However many venture companies have pursued 'Born Global Strategy', which is different from process strategy, because corporate's environment has been rapidly changing to globalization. The existing studies investigate that (1) why the ventures enter into overseas market in those early stage, even in infancy, (2) what make the different international strategy among ventures and the born global strategy is better to the infant ventures. However, as for venture's performance(growth and profitability), the existing results do not correspond each other. They also, don't include marketing strategy (differentiation, low price, market breadth and market pioneer) that is important factors in studying of BGV's performance. In this paper I aim to delineate the appearance of international new ventures and the phenomenons of venture companies' internationalization strategy. In order to verify research problems, I develop a resource-based model and marketing strategies for analyzing the effects of the born global venture firms. In this paper, I suggested 3 research problems. First, do the korean venture companies take some advantages in the aspects of corporate's performances (growth, profitability and overall market performances) when they pursue internationalization from inception? Second, do the korean BGV have firm specific assets (foreign experiences, foreign orientation, organizational absorptive capacity)? Third, What are the marketing strategies of korean BGV and is it different from others? Under these problems, I test then (1) whether the BGV that a firm started its internationalization activity almost from inception, has more intangible resources(foreign experience of corporate members, foreign orientation, technological competences and absorptive capacity) than any other venture firms(Non_BGV) and (2) also whether the BGV's marketing strategies-differentiation, low price, market diversification and preemption strategy are different from Non_BGV. Above all, the main purpose of this research is that results achieved by BGV are indeed better than those obtained by Non_BGV firms with respect to firm's growth rate and efficiency. To do this research, I surveyed venture companies located in Seoul and Deajeon in Korea during November to December, 2005. I gather the data from 200 venture companies and then selected 84 samples, which have been founded during 1999${\sim}$2000. To compare BGV's characteristics with those of Non_BGV, I also had to classify BGV by export intensity over 50% among five or six aged venture firms. Many other researches tried to classify BGV and Non_BGV, but there were various criterion as many as researchers studied on this topic. Some of them use time gap, which is time difference of establishment and it's first internationalization experience and others use export intensity, ration of export sales amount divided by total sales amount. Although using a mixed criterion of prior research in my case, I do think this kinds of criterion is subjective and arbitrary rather than objective, so I do mention my research has some critical limitation in the classification of BGV and Non_BGV. The first purpose of research is the test of difference of performance between BGV and Non_BGV. As a result of t-test, the research show that there are statistically efficient difference not only in the growth rate (sales growth rate compared to competitors and 3 years averaged sales growth rate) but also in general market performance of BGV. But in case of profitability performance, the hypothesis that is BGV is more profit (return on investment(ROI) compared to competitors and 3 years averaged ROI) than Non-BGV was not supported. From these results, this paper concludes that BGV grows rapidly and gets a high market performance (in aspect of market share and customer loyalty) but there is no profitability difference between BGV and Non_BGV. The second result is that BGV have more absorptive capacity especially, knowledge competence, and entrepreneur's international experience than Non_BGV. And this paper also found BGV search for product differentiation, exemption strategy and market diversification strategy while Non_BGV search for low price strategy. These results have never been dealt with other existing studies. This research has some limitations. First limitation is concerned about the definition of BGV, as I mentioned above. Conceptually speaking, BGV is defined as company pursue internationalization from inception, but in empirical study, it's very difficult to classify between BGV and Non_BGV. I tried to classify on the basis of time difference and export intensity, this criterions are so subjective and arbitrary that the results are not robust if the criterion were changed. Second limitation is concerned about sample used in this research. I surveyed venture companies just located in Seoul and Daejeon and also use only 84 samples which more or less provoke sample bias problem and generalization of results. I think the more following studies that focus on ventures located in other region, the better to verify the results of this paper.

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An Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Entry into Foreign Markets of Small- and Medium- sized Service Firms : Focused on Korean Beauty Industry (중소 서비스기업의 해외시장진출 결정요인에 관한 실증분석 : 대구.경북지역 미용서비스업 중심으로)

  • Hong, Song-Hon
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.149-172
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    • 2009
  • Service industries nowadays have become the subject of a scientific research. However, unlike research on manufacturing, there has not yet been a broader presentation of important aspects theoretically and methodologically. The importance of service sector in both national and global economies has grown significantly. An active participation of service industries in the internationalization process, notably by licensing and FDI, has occurred over time. But a few sub-sectors still dominate on this process, for example, financial institutions such as banks, securities, and insurance as well as producer services in advertising and accounting. On the other hand, personal services that are owned by small- and medium- sized firm have limited capabilities in their transnational transfer. This paper attempts to examine various factors influencing decisions for these small- and medium- sized Korean beauty firms in entering to the foreign markets. Determining factors for these firms in the engagement of internationalization depends largely on competitive advantages in both domestic and host countries, and they may be different from those in the sub-sectors mentioned above. Based on previous researches, i identified three categories of independent variables(characteristics of firms, managers, and competition) that can influence decisions to enter to the foreign markets. Seven hypotheses have been tested by using a sample of beauty firms in Daegu city and Kyungbuk province. The results show that the intention of these firms to enter to the foreign markets is significantly influenced by the factors of the innovative character of CEO's, the competitiveness of firms, and size of firms.

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A Study on the social implications of changes in the spatial structure of the Chinese museums since 2000 (2000년 이후 중국 뮤지엄의 공간구조 변화에 관한 사회적 의미 연구)

  • Weng, Ling-Ling;Moon, Jung Mook
    • Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.336-342
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    • 2012
  • Chinese society, which maintained the feudal social system, has taken an isolationist policy in response to the Western aggression since $20^{th}$ century. However, in the wake of the Opium War of 1840, China had actively accepted Western culture, not in just politics and economy, but in diverse area of social property. Since these process, the modernization of China had begun and the Chinese museum has been erected and evolved through the process of it. And it can be deducted that the philosophy of socialist society had a considerable influence on the spatial configuration of the Chinese museum since it was at the heart of china's modernization. And another social shift has been made since 2000 that is regarded as the internationalization of China. It brought a new point of de-structuralism to the society since 2000 and it is leading the changes of various areas of culture and arts, including museology in Chinese society. The purpose of this study is to understand what changes have been made to the museums in China since 2000 and how the internationalization of China is engaged with this it, in terms of the spatial structure of a museum. To do this the study examined the spatial changes of the museum in the mathematical approach including Space Syntax tool and it was engaged with the changes of museum type. Throughout the study, it was concluded that spatial structure of museums in china has been changed from structural organization to de-structural one since 2000 of China's internationalization.

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Globalization of the Research Information (학술정보의 국제화)

  • Kim, Jongsoo
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.342-345
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    • 2013
  • The current trend of Korean-based journals is to become international journals. Support from academic societies and the government to improve the quality of journal and achieve internationalization is growing. For world-wide dissemination of journal contents, an online peer-review system and high quality journal web site are required. Also journals should be written in English. Proper publication ethics is also needed. For this article, I researched the current status of the 'Journal of the Korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry' and have made some suggestions to help with this journal's internationalization process for the future.

Rethinking Global Convergence in Bank Regulation (은행규제의 세계적 수렴에 대한 고찰)

  • Pak, In-Sop
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.36
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    • pp.195-262
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    • 2007
  • This paper attempts to assess the Basel Committee's bank supervisory standards and capital adequacy rules, and thereby rethink whether global convergence in banking regulation is desirable. To that end, it seeks to address the impetus for the creation of the Basel Committee, and explore driving forces behind the internationalization of bank regulatory and supervisory standards. Following the historical and theoretical analysis of the internationalization of bank regulatory standards, the movement toward global standards in banking is reviewed. More importantly, this paper seeks to explore the origins of the Basel Accord on bank capital adequacy. To do so, it largely relies on current theories on the process of negotiating the capital adequacy standards in the areas of political science and international political economy. At this point, this study takes a position as a break against the force of international market failure logic that has enjoyed an exceptionally positive reception among economists, political scientists, and legal experts. Nonetheless, it does not intend to freeze the international coordination and cooperation of banking regulation. Given the understanding of the politics behind the creation of the Basel Accord, this paper evaluates the Basel Accord of 1988 and the new capital adequacy framework(Basel II), and then moves beyond the assessment of the capital adequacy standards In doing so, this study draws lessons from Basel in search of a just world order in the global finance.

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