• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2020

Purpose - This study investigates whether the internationalization process of traditional industry firms can be categorized as born global, early internationalization, or gradual internationalization, and examines what factors promote internationalization in traditional industries using a case study of two firms, one each in China and Korea. Design/methodology - This study elects to use case study methodology to determine the "how" and "why" of internationalization process of traditional industry firms. Taking into consideration that factors that impact the internationalization process of firms are diverse and unclear in terms of causality, this study utilizes exploratory case study methodology. This research performs a comparative two-case study of two firms in traditional industries, one each in China and Korea, to examine similarities and differences of study subjects in order to improve the validity and suitability of research results. Findings - The findings of this research are as follows: First, traditional industries are more likely go through early and rapid internationalization rather than being born global; born globals are far more likely to appear in high tech industries. Second, the internationalization process of companies that go through early and rapid internationalization differs from what is indicated by traditional internationalization theories, and are not limited by factors like psychological distance and lack of experiential knowledge. Third, international entrepreneurship, international market orientation, and imitation and learning are important internal driving factors for early and rapid internationalization. Fourth, conditions within the domestic market, policy support from the government, and pilot effect from industry leaders are external driving factors for early and rapid internationalization. Originality/value - This study shows that the internationalization process of traditional industry firms is more likely to be early and rapid internationalization rather than being born global and suggests answers to why this may be the case. In addition, through an examination of case studies, it reveals that the internationalization process of traditional industry firms that undergo early and rapid internationalization is different from traditional internationalization theory, in that they are not limited by the lack of psychological proximity and empirical knowledge, and are driven by international entrepreneurship, international market orientation, imitation and learning, competitive pressure within the domestic market, government's policy support, and the pilot effect of industry leaders. Therefore, this study contributes to literature by expanding the scope of application of born global theory to traditional industries, making born global theory more generalizable and identifying driving factors to internationalization of traditional industry firms.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.905-913
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• 2020

Internationalization of multinational companies in the globalized context is a popular topic in the academic world and it is also a strong concern of CEO/managers. However, this topic has not been well discussed in the academic community in Vietnam that can be contextualized in the typical transition economy. This paper is designed to explore critical success factors (CSF) of internationalization of large Vietnamese companies that have contributed major revenue from the international market. Through interviews with CEO/managers of successful companies geared toward world markets, the CSFs of internationalization have been identified and categorized into groups in which each CSF has interaction with each other, and together have combined impacts on the success of internationalization. The research results provide a conceptual framework to analyze factors affecting internationalization of large Vietnamese companies. Thank to this conceptual framework, further exploratory and/or confirmatory research can be developed to locate more success factors of internationalization. In addition, some particularly critical factors of internationalization success of Vietnamese companies are found to be useful to both CEO/managers and policymakers. CEO/managers can benefit from the research results by concentrate their limited efforts/resources in managing these CSFs, and policymaker may design CSF-based policies to boost the internationalization of domestic companies.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.83-111
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• 2008

본 연구는 세계 고등교육 국제화 지표들을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 한국의 고등교육 국제화를 위한 시사점을 도출하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 우선 고등교육 국제화 개념과 접근 방법, 국제화 지표 개발의 배경을 간략하게 고찰하였다. 다음으로 미국교육위원회(American Council on Education)에서 개발한 대학 국제화 지표와 OECD에서 개발한 고등교육 국제화 질 검토과정(Internationalization Quality Review Process)을 비교 분석하였다. 전자는 개별 국가 차원에서의 고등교육 국제화 지표 개발 및 적용에 대한 시사점을 제공해주며, 후자는 개별 대학이 국제화 정책을 검토하고자 할 때 국제적 질 보증 절차에 관한 유용한 정보를 제공해준다. 분석 결과, 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 우선, 고등교육기관 스스로 국제화를 위한 자체평가 체제를 구축하는 것이 필요하다. 이 경우에 고등교육기관이 고려해야 하는 것은 국제화에 관한 명확한 목표와 전략을 수립하고, 국제화 정책의 내실화를 꾀하는 것이다. 다음으로 정부는 고등교육의 국제화를 위한 질 보증 체제를 마련하는 한편, 대학이 국제화를 위한 자체평가 체제를 마련할 수 있도록 재정적 지원을 제공할 필요가 있다. 아울러 고등교육 국제화는 대학교육의 전반적인 질적 수준을 제고하는 과정과 병행되어야 한다.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.339-366
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• 2014

This paper examines the impact of internationalization on the product, process and organizational innovations of Korean service firms. Despite the increasing importance of the service sector and the discrepancies in the natures of the manufacturing and service industries, the internationalization-innovation link in the context of service firms has rarely been examined empirically on a large sample. Based on the results of the logistic regressions using the 2006 Korean Innovation Survey data, we found that Korean service firms' international expansion is significantly and positively associated with their product and organizational innovations. In addition, the magnitude of the estimates in our models revealed that internationalization has a greater impact on product innovation than on process or organizational innovation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.473-483
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• 2020

Internationalization of SMEs has gathered pace in recent times with falling trade barriers and rising world trade encouraging small firms to seek profits and growth in foreign markets. This has attracted the attention of researchers, and several studies have been conducted in Western nations on the factors influencing the process of SME internationalization. However, hardly any study has been done on SME internationalization in the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) region, thus leaving a gap in the literature. This study investigates the influence of four factors, namely, human capital, network competency, entrepreneurial orientation, and market volatility on the degree of internationalization of SMEs in Oman. The study employs survey data collected from 150 SME owners and managers using a structured questionnaire having 27 items, and has been analyzed using correlation and logistic regression, as the dependent variable is binary in nature. The results reveal the impact of the chosen variables on the degree of internationalization of SMEs. The findings of the study suggest that network competency has the highest impact on degree of internationalization of Omani SMEs, followed by human capital and entrepreneurial orientation, while market volatility, though insignificant, moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and degree of internationalization of Omani SMEs.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.119-142
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• 2022

This paper uses social network theory and the internationalization process model (IPM) to determine how external network linkages influence the location choices of multinational enterprise from emerging economies (EMNEs); specifically, whether past alliance experience influences location choices and its impact on the subsequent entry of MNEs from emerging economies. This paper applies survival analysis using initial and secondary investments from 2,000 Chinese A-share listed companies that entered 90 countries between 1997 and 2018 to analyze both the initial and subsequent entries of Chinese outward foreign direct investments (OFDIs) in major host countries. The findings indicate that an MNE's previous experience with a company from a particular country will increase the likelihood of an initial investment in that country. Previous alliance experience may accelerate the foreign investment process of EMNE and stimulate firms making a commitment to a position in a foreign network, regardless of cultural distance and stage of internationalization. Alliance before initial investment may increase the likelihood and speed of entering a host country as wholly owned subsidiaries and that network linkages not only significantly influence the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises, as indicated by the IPM, but also that of large listed firms.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2014

Purpose - This study identified internationalization factors forKorean SMEs and explored factor differences between AEO and non-AEO authorized companies. Research design, data, and methodology - The study was designed to assess internationalization factors for AEO authorization in Korea through a questionnaire survey and an empirical analysis. The questionnaires were conducted for AEO and Non-AEO authorized companies that were undergoing AEO authorization. The study was conducted through e-mail and AEO manager education classes. Ninety-five questionnaires were collected. We employed the exploratory factor analysis methodology to derive internationalization factors for KoreanSMEs, and explored the factor differences between AEO and Non-AEO authorized companies. Results - AEO authorized companies outperformed Non-AEO authorized companies in R&D and technology. This indicated that AEO authorized companies were recognized as reliable and safe companies by the Korea Customs Service and other Customs services in trade facilitation and customs clearance processes. Conclusions - This study has some implications for AEO authorization and internationalization processes, and involved the empirical analysis of SMEs and the exploratory factor analysis in the internationalization process.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2022

오늘날 모든 국가는 체육강국이라는 전략적 목표를 제기하면서 스포츠는 국가 발전을 위해 점점 중요해지고 있다. 그중 동아시아의 무술 중 중국을 주무대로 활동하고 있는 무술은 그 역사가 길고, 의미가 깊으며 무술의 국제화 추진 역시 중요시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동아시아의 무술 국제화 추진 과정에서 직면한 주요 문제점들을 심층적으로 분석하였다. 현재 무술의 이론체계가 일관되지 않고 미흡하며, 지역마다 문화적 배경에 큰 차이가 존재하며 국제화 보급 인재가 부족하며, 혁신적 추진방식이 아직 성숙하지 않다. 각 무술의 국제화 보급에서 직면한 주요 문제점을 기반으로 국제화 추진 전략의 분석을 진행 하는 동시에 무술 국제화 이론 체계 구축과 무술문화의 다양성에 대한 수용, 국제화 인재 공급 메커니즘을 보완하여, 과학적 혁신과 발맞춘 무술 국제화 추진 방식을 제안하고자 한다. 세계적 무대에서 중국 무술의 향후 계승과 발전, 그리고 중국무술의 가치에 대한 국제화 추진은 중요한 이론적 가치와 실천적 의의가 있다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to establish an conceptual framework to explain the mechanism of internationalization behavior being used by recently established retailer in emerging countries. Research design, data, and methodology - The existing research on retail internationalization has focused on global retailers located in advanced countries which have expanded their business to emerging countries. That is, "internationalization from top to bottom". However, recent years have seen a reversal in this trend, resulting in the emergence of "internationalization from bottom to top" by retailers based in emerging economies. In order to explore this reversal, this study attempts to develop an conceptual framework based on the theories of "innovation" and "retail format". Results - This study found an conceptual framework which was adopted both a concept of "formula" derived from the theory of retail format and a concept of "production and process innovation" derived from the theory of innovation as a core concept. Conclusions - The conceptual framework provided an understanding of how retailers in emerging countries have gained a competitive advantage over retail companies based in countries with advanced economies. It suggested that innovation that gave these companies a competitive edge was caused by competitive interaction which allowed them to expand to oversea markets.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

Purpose - Recently, the Korean government is seeking to internationalize KRW and reduce its heavy reliance on the U.S. dollar and better cope with risks from external turbulence. However, there has been too little study on this subject in comparision with its importance. The main objective of the paper is to distinguish the descrete stages of the KRW internationalization and recognize the costs and benefits of each stage. Research design, data, methodology - In order to achieve its goal, this study accomplishes a formal policy analysis based on potential factors of currency internationalization and an examination of legal practices in relation to Foreign Exchange Transaction Regulation (the Regulation). Results - This study found that securing monetary policy may not be easy under liberalized capital account for a small open economy like Korea in view of the trillema. In addition, the inherent ambiguity of the Regulation may increase the costs of KRW internationalization. Conclusions-This study revealed the negative system for the control of foreign exchange of the Korean government. The excessive regulatory restrictions on foreign exchange may hinder the process of KRW internationalization. Some legal and policy reforms are needed to improve related regulation and infrastructure.