• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.135-154
• /
• 2015

The European Union has adopted the ADR Directive and ODR Regulation in 2013 with the purpose to strengthen the e-commerce within the EU. Not covered by these legislations is the trade in the B2B sector. The author examines the question of whether online ADR under the currently applicable legal framework would be possible in Germany. At the center of his review is the possibility of an arbitration clause which refers exclusively to an online ADR scheme, may be included in the General Terms and Conditions of an online trader.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제17권7호
• /
• pp.895-905
• /
• 2014

Recently the trade show is a massive marketing effort of a particular industry and introduces new products to potential customers, as well as the ability to elevate the brand's image and corporate identity. It is increasing its importance as a venue of communication. In these changes, the exhibition is required to have the emotional approach to enhance the dynamic and creative image of companies. Therefore, the product itself as well as the importance of various visual contents of the exhibition is increasing positive effect of the image and marketing on their products. In this sense, this study analyzes video contents of the exhibition that was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Europe's largest display show 'ISE (Integrated Systems Europe)' in 2013, focusing on the domestic company, Samsung, LG Electronics and other four foreign companies. The analysis is based on the Herbert Zettl's applied media aesthetics related to the video contents, through which we can find the way to the development of exhibition video contents making for Trade show.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• 제63권4호
• /
• pp.561-569
• /
• 2023

An element a ∈ R is strongly rad-clean provided that there exists an idempotent e ∈ R such that a - e ∈ U(R), ae = ea and eae ∈ J(eRe). In this article, we completely determine when a 2 × 2 matrix over a commutative local ring is strongly rad clean. An application to matrices over power-series is also given.

• Journal of Korea Trade
• /
• 제25권7호
• /
• pp.75-91
• /
• 2021

Purpose - Social commerce (SC) is the growth of social media highlighting the e-commerce transactions and currently, the greatest challenges of e-commerce have attracted the influence of trust in social commerce intention (SCI). Based on the challenge, the study's purpose is to discover the effect of social support (informational and emotional support) on the SCI. The study also explores the mediation effect of trust and the moderation impact of culture between the USA and Korea. Design/methodology - This study used a sample of 482 surveys filled out by online shoppers from the US and Korea, two countries with divergent cultural values. Structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to analyze the hypothetical paths. In addition, bootstrapping and multi-group analysis are perform to view mediation and moderation effects respectively. Findings - The results of our study shows that both informational and emotional support significantly influences trust and SCI. Our results also supports the mediating effect of trust in social support and the moderating effect of culture in forming SCI. Originality/value - Our empirical results provide important information to businesses formulating cross-cultural SC strategies. This will help SC companies to analyze the aspects of customer trust through social support, which in turn will increase SCI and thereby established a competitive position for SCs. Our results will also be holistic directions for SC vendors in cross-cultural settings, which will offer important social and economic contributions to the sustainable growth of SC's business.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.186-198
• /
• 2021

The introduction of digital technologies affects most socio-economic processes and activities in the economy, from agriculture to public services. Even though the world is currently only in the early stages of digital transformation, the digital economy is growing rapidly, especially in developing countries. Shortly, digital platforms will be able to replace the "invisible hand" of the market and turn it into digital. Some digital platforms have already reached global reach in some sectors of the economy. The growing value of data and artificial intelligence is reflected in the high capitalization of these enterprises. Their growing role has far-reaching consequences for the organization of economic activity and integration into the field of e-business. However, their importance and level of development in different countries differ significantly. The main purpose of this article is an assessment of the level and trends of the digital economy in the world and the identification of homogeneous groups of states following the main trends in the development of its components from among the EU countries. The methodology of the conducted research is based on the use of general scientific research methods in the analysis of secondary sources and the application of statistical methods of correlation-regression and cluster analysis. Macroeconomic indicators and components of DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index) were used for the analysis. Results. Based on the analysis established that most developed countries have a medium level of digitalization of the business environment and a high level of digitalization of socially oriented public services, while countries with lower GDP focus their policies on building digital infrastructure and training qualified personnel. The study summarizes and analyzes current trends in digital technology, analyzes the level and dynamics of integration of digital technologies of the studied EU countries, the level of development of e-business and e-commerce. The conceptualization of mechanisms of creation of added value in the digital economy is offered and the possible consequences of digitalization of the economy of developing countries are generalized.

• 대한지리학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.195-211
• /
• 2006

무역과 관세에 관한 일반협정의 우루과이 라운드 교섭 하에 통과된 '무역관련 지적재산권에 관한 협정'은 지적재산권을 국제통상 분야에 도입시켰을 뿐만 아니라 지적재산권의 대상을 생물다양성에까지 확장시켰다는 중요성을 가진다. 본 연구는 지리학적 관점 (장소와 스케일의 중요성)이 생물다양성과 지적재산권에 관련된 다양한 이슈들을 분석하는데 있어 얼마나 중요성을 가지며, 환경윤리학, 환경경제학, 정치경제학과 같은 다른 학문분야의 접근방법을 통합하고 보완하는지 고찰하였다. 자연, 인문현상의 지역적 차이와 다양한 스케일을 중요시하는 지리학적 관점은 개별적 이슈들로 인식되고 다루어져 왔던 생물다양성, 지적재산권, 이의 국제 통상기구에의 도입이 어떻게 임의적으로 관련지어줬는지 밝혀내는데 공헌한다.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제46권5호
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between import-export goods and transportation modes. To this end, five major commodity groups were selected from 2010 to 2018 such as Machinery and transport equipment (SITC 7), manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6), chemicals and related products, n.e.s. (SITC 5), mineral, fuels, lubricants, and related materials (SITC 3), and miscellaneous manufactured articles (SITC 8). And using the panel VECM, the difference between transportation modes such as ports and airports was compared and analyzed through panel granger causality, Impulse response function, Forecasting error variance decomposition. As a result, it is confirmed that the causal relationship between major product groups and transportation modes showed different causal relationships depending on the characteristics of port and air transportation.

• 국제지역연구
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.117-144
• /
• 2009

Yamazawa (1970) 교수가 개발한 무역결합도 모형을 이용하여 한국의 주요 ASEAN제국에 대한 무역결합도, 무역보완도 및 국별편향도를 OECD 무역행렬자료을 이용하여 2000년과 2005년에 대해 계측하였다. 한국의 인도네시아에 대한 무역결합도는 2000년의 8.91로부터 2005년에는 10.88로 상승하였는데, 이는 주로 한국의 인도네시아에 대한 국별편향도가 2000년의 9.58로부터 2005년에는 10.75로 크게 상승한데 기인한 것이다. 이러한 결과는 무역결합도를 증진시키기 위해서는 양국간 자본이동을 증가시키거나 무역장벽을 낮추는 등의 양국간 국별편향도를 개선시키는 노력이 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 한국의 여타 주요ASEAN제국(즉, 말레이시아, 필립핀, 싱가폴 및 태국)에 대한 무역결합도의 경우 동 기간 중 무역보완도가 다소 하락한 것 외에는 상술한 한국의 인도네시아에 대한 무역결합도와 유사한 변화를 보이고 있다. 따라서 한국과 이들 여타 ASEAN제국 간에 자본이동을 증가시키거나 무역장벽을 낮춤으로써 한국과 이들 여타 ASEAN제국 간의 국별편향도를 개선시키는 노력이 필요해 보인다.

• 무역학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.335-353
• /
• 2022

There are two aspects of digital trade: the digitalisation of goods/services being traded and the digitalisation of the transactional act. Digital data (i.e. machine-readable industrial data and transactional data) is the major driving force for both aspects of digital trade. Digital data is a non-rivalrous input, whether for production or marketing activities, and is thus able to be used by many firms or government agencies without limiting the use of others. Digital platforms provide online infrastructure for the interactions between groups, for instance, consumers and producers. The externality effect refers to the situation in which prosperity in one group on a given platform will improve the returns of other groups on the same platform. In the era of the data-driven economy, strategic trade policy can involve data-related policies. The major objective of these policies is to improve the competitiveness of domestic firms. For instance, firms may be subsidised if they use cloud services provided by specific platforms. This strand of strategic trade policies might be useful for increasing the competitiveness of small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) via the digitalisation of production/marketing processes. Alternatively, strategic trade policy may also exploit the externality effect via platform economy-related policies. Further, some countries may form data coalitions to facilitate cross-border data flow. This paper uses cases in Asian countries to illustrate which role these strategic trade policies can play in the digital economy.

• 정보학연구
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.105-121
• /
• 2004

볼레로 프로젝트는 무역거래에 필요한 종이서류를 전자메시지로 전환하여 안전하게 교환할 수 있는 기반을 제공하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 한편, EDEN 프로젝트를 승계한 일본의 TEDI는 무역금융실무에 대한 전자정보의 교환을 안전하고 확실하게 수행하기 위해 통신환경이나 권리의무관계를 포함한 운용환경 등의 정비를 위해 법적인 틀의 제공과 상호운용성을 확보하기 위한 이행지침(guideline)의 책정을 그 목적으로 한다. 따라서, 본고에서는 국제전자무역시스템인 Bolero와 TEDI의 시스템ㄱ조상의 메시지 송${\cdot}$수신과정을 비교${\cdot}$고찰하고자 하는 것이다.