• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2021

For twenty years, in the EU there has been a trend of a lack of maritime infrastructure and a redundance of the road one, which has a negative impact on the economy. The intermodal transport market structure in the EU has not changed over the past ten years. The stability of transport systems due to the lack of changes in the transport market remains under threat, affecting supply chains and networks through the optimization of warehousing and transportation costs. The research methodology is based on a quantitative assessment of cause-and-effect relations between economic growth and transport and logistics in the EU. A statistical analysis of security indicators, intermodal and modal transport, international trade in goods within the EU and in the world trade in goods, the dynamics of GDP of the EU countries, the level of openness of the EU economy, investment and maintenance costs of different modes of transport and infrastructure has been carried out. The results show that in 2000- 2010 there were positive changes in the transport and logistics infrastructure of the EU, which had a positive effect on trade, openness of the economy of the EU, GDP growth. However, at that time, negative effects of environmental impact and the load on road and rail transport were accumulating. Investment in different modes of transport is limited, and technical maintenance and infrastructure maintenance costs form a significant part of GDP of the EU. A slowdown in economic growth leads to budget constraints and infrastructure financing gap. As a result, the freight and passenger intermodal and modal transport market structure remains virtually unchanged. The load on rail and road transport remains stable, despite the reduced level of transport hazards. Transport productivity has declined over the past ten years. Herewith, the intensification of trade and the openness of the EU economies require constant modernization and innovative renewal. The EU policy in this direction remains normative, uncontrolled, which is reflected in investment differences within the EU and maintenance costs.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.85-99
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• 1987

The transport a administration in Korea is meeting demands of developing international multimodal transport system. In the past, as Korea transport policy has been emphasizing on the passenger traffic, the physical distribution sector is far behind international trend. Regarding the urging necessities of reducting costs in transport in order to upgrade the competitive edge of industries, Korea has to develop the most efficient transport system so called international multimodal transport system. The existing transport system is inefficient because each transport mode is separate, so this system is aiming at reducing cost and time and developing freight transport. The scope and scheme of this thesis should be as following. Chapter 2. Systems Approach of International multimodal transport 1. general systems theory 2. definition of International multimodal transport system 3. MTO (multimodal transport operator) Chapter 3. Current Situation and Problems of this System. 1. international law and practice 2.current situation A. Europe B. U.S. C. Japan D. Korea Chapter 4. Policy Goal for Improving this System Chapter 5. conclusion.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.115-134
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• 2020

Purpose - International trade leads to the international division of labor, improving the efficiency of the global economic system. Transport costs are a more serious barrier to international trade than customs tariffs. An increase in competition in the transport sector may thus lead to a reduction in transport costs. However, if a carrier's nationality significantly influences transport costs, simply adding more competing carriers of different nationalities would be ineffective. Therefore, it is necessary to establish national or regional carriers to influence competition and reduce transport costs. This study investigates this "nationality effect" by treating Hanjin Shipping's collapse as a natural experiment. Design/methodology - The theoretical basis of this study is the 3rd-degree price discrimination in container shipping market. By using the monthly data of container freight rates of Korea, China and Japan, this study shows the so-called Korea Premiums, which are the empirical counterparts of nationality effect in Korea container shipping market. For this empirical investigation, the structural model with state-space form is used and the dummy models are also estimated. In addition, because China has been also affected by the Hanjin's collapse, the China premiums are considered too. Findings - Compared with Japan's case, it is shown that there had been the so-called Korea premiums since the collapse of Hanjin Shipping. These results are robust from both the state-space model and dummy models. The time pattern of Korea premiums was consistent with the market evolution, especially the pattern of substitutability in container shipping markets. In addition, this paper shows the magnitude of Korea premiums. Originality/value - The argument of this study that the nationality effect can be interpreted as an extended concept of the home market effect is original, which is expected to evoke future research efforts. Further, the discussion on the shipping industrial policy from both horizontal and vertical aspects will provide the relevant policy makers with solid information, especially for the policy coordination in a global scale.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2022

It has great significance to estimate CIF-FOB margins of international trade. It certainly helps develop statistics on transport costs of international trade and provides basic data for econometric analysis of transport costs. It also contributes much to our standing the correlation between the margins and trade partners' geographical distance as well as one between the margins and trading products. However, the quality issue of international trade statistics renders it very difficult to derive trustworthy CIF-FOB margin estimates. Utilizing various analytical approaches, this study intended to acquire credible estimates of CIF-FOB margins for Korea's total imports and for country/product specific imports data. Major findings are as follows. First, the average of CIF-FOB margins of Korea's total imports is 7.3% and is generally declining. Second, country level analysis provides credible estimates for CIF-FOB margins of Korea's imports from four partners (Japan, the US, Australia, and Brazil). The differences in margins among these four countries are caused by geographical distance and characteristics of traded products. Third, product level analysis reveals that the margins of gold and passenger vehicles are fairly low while those of primary products tend to be high.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.996-1010
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• 2009

본 논문은 우리 실정에 맞고 국제비교에도 활용할 수 있는 국가차원의 교통계정 기본틀을 제시하였다. 기본틀은 비용 수입항목과 산정 방법론으로 구성되어 있다. 그리고 제시된 우리나라의 교통계정을 적용해본 결과, 국내총생산 대비 도로교통의 총비용은 유럽보다 3.23% 높은 것으로 나타났고 철도교통의 총비용은 유럽보다 0.67% 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 도로교통과 철도교통의 단위당 비용을 비교한 결과, 여객의 인-km당 도로교통 비용이 철도교통 비용의 약 4.8배, 화물의 톤-km당 도로교통 비용은 철도교통 비용의 약 2.4배로 나타났다.

• International Journal of Railway
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

The development of structural solutions for high-speed or very high-speed tracks that minimize total life cycle costs of the system is a key issue to improve the operational profitability of new investments. In opposition to conventional ballasted tracks, slab track solutions can be a cost-effective solution, but only in the cases where the benefits due to the increase in track availability and the reduction of track maintenance offsets its much higher construction costs. In the cases where such investment is not feasible, it is worth to evaluate possible structural improvements to ballasted track that allow reducing its maintenance needs without increasing too much its construction costs. This paper evaluates the design requirements and the impact of improving conventional high-speed ballasted tracks by using a bituminous subballast layer. It is divided into two main parts: first the design requirements of the structural solutions with bituminous subballast and its possible benefits on high-speed track deterioration, and secondly the evaluation of the economic impact, in terms of construction costs, of using this structural solution material in future Spanish high-speed lines.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제75권
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• pp.49-69
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• 2017

Making a international contract of sale is not a simple work. International Trade parties(seller and buyer) may choose trade terms such as FOB or CIF to simplify their contracts and avoid misunderstanding of international commercial practice. Incoterms is the international rules for the interpretation of the trade terms, and firstly regulated by the ICC in 1936. The latest version is Incoterms 2010. Incoterms 2010 governs certain responsibilities between the seller and the buyer under the international contract of sale. Moreover, Incoterms 2010 provides the standard of division of costs relating to contract of carriage. But we should note that Incoterms 2010 is not the part of contract of carriage. The writer points out that there is no consistence principle in distributing the special costs under the contract of carriage like unloading cost from the transport vehicle. To avoid the dispute between the parties, it is more safe for international traders to fully and completely understand on the customs and practice of carriage of goods. Incoterms 2010 provides more detailed method of delivery of goods than CISG and RAFTD. Concerning the method of delivery of goods, CISG and RAFTD simply provide that the seller shall place the goods at the discharge of buyers. The writer suggests the basic principles to allocate the special costs of delivery of goods according to the trade terms under Incoterms 2010.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제40권
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• pp.147-167
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• 2008

This paper investigates changing business transaction under the e-commerce environment and their implications on freight transport industry with some case studies. It shows that an efficient and reliable delivery system is essential for e-commerce as business industries are faced with the stricter and more diversified demands of customer. In addition, many aspects of business practices such as small batch, customized production and just-in-time distribution in the e-commerce environment, in turn, bring about a number of changes in the volume and service patterns of freight transport. E-commerce requires longer transport distances and often higher delivery frequencies. It also entails to a certain extent a modal shift towards truck and air freight transport modes. On the one hand, the logistical requirements of e-commerce goods may stimulate greater complexity in existing supply chain management, causing higher costs. However it is true that the increased visibility of goods through more efficient information flow allows more efficient and effective transport management in the logistics system.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.481-511
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• 2012

국제상업회의소에 의하여 2010년에 개정되어 2011년 1월 1일부터 시행된 Incoterms 2010의 모든 규칙의 A6조와 B6조에 각각 규정되어 있는 매도인과 매수인 간의 비용의 분배를 다루고 있는 비용분배조항이 종전의 Incoterms 2000의 비용분배조항과 비교하여 볼 때 어떻게 개정되었으며, 개정된 Incoterms 2010의 비용분배조항의 내용을 구체적으로 살펴보고 비용분배조항에서 해석상의 문제점에 대한 유의사항을 살펴보았다. 즉, Incoterms 2010의 모든 규칙의 비용분배조항의 해석에 따른 문제점으로서, 통상적인 운송계약의 조건에 따른 비용분배의 문제점, 적재비용과 양륙비용지급의 문제점, 매수인의 의무불이행에 따른 추가비용지급의 문제점 및 이에 대한 실무적용상의 유의점을 제시하였다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.91-114
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• 2007

중국의 급속한 경제성장 추세는 물동량의 폭발적인 증가를 가져와 중국 국내뿐만 아니라 동북아 나아가 국제물류시장의 확산을 주도하고 있다. 이와 같이 중국은 동북아는 물론이고 전 세계적으로 물류수요를 창출하는 원천이며, 이에 따라 글로벌 물류네트워크가 중국을 중심으로 재편되고 있다. 중국의 동북3성(랴오닝성, 지린성, 헤이룽장성)은 중국의 동북부, 동북아 지역의 중심지대에 위치해 있으며, 한반도와 국경을 맞대고 있어 국제무역의 발전에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 그러나 동북3성은 지리적 환경의 제약으로 물류환경이 열악한 상태이며, 중국 동북부에 위치한 지린성과 헤이룽장성은 항구가 없는 내륙지역으로 두 성은 대외거래화물의 대부분을 랴오닝의 다롄항을 이용하고 있다. 그러나 두 성으로부터 다롄항까지는 거의 1,000km이상 되기 때문에 많은 운송시간과 비용이 들고 있다. 따라서 러시아 극동지역에 위치한 자루비노항을 통한 새로운 국제운송모델은 내륙운송에서 발생하는 비용을 절감시켜 줄 것이다. 본 연구에서는 수송 단계별 비용과 시간을 추정하여, 새로운 국제복합운송루트의 경쟁력을 조사하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따라, 자루비노항의 개발을 통한 새로운 국제복합운송의 구축은 동북3성의 화물에 경쟁력을 증가시켜 줄 것이며, 또한 우리나라는 극동러시아의 항만개발에 참여할 수 있는 기회를 얻게 될 것이다. 게다가 부산항은 새로운 국제운송루트로부터의 증가하는 물동량의 이익을 얻게 될 것으로 기대된다.