• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.219-225
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• 2001

The basic structure for assessment of potential health risks from environmental chemicals is widely agreed upon, but many of the details of risk assessment procedures differ among practitioners. Government regulatory agencies typically have guidelines or standard procedures for their risk assessments, established to ensure consistency and comparability, to set standards for adequacy, and to embody underlying tenets. In setting and updating such guidelines, each agency takes into account not only the prevailing thinking about appropriate procedures, but also its own goals and responsibilities and the precedents it has set for itself in past analyses. This results in variations in methods, and consequently in characterization of risks, among regulatory assessments, even when they are based on the same data. As a result, adopting existing assessments from a variety of regulatory bodies needs to be done with caution. This paper examines some of the variants in risk assessment approaches among American federal regulatory agencies and relates them to the variations in regulatory responsibilities of those groups. Comparisons to international practices are also drawn. The impact on development of world-wide risk standards is discussed.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2021

The paper proposes to consider information technologies and their application in the educational process as a preparation of presentation material for students of higher educational institutions. The definition and place of information technologies in the educational space are considered. The object of research of this work is the pedagogical technology of presentation of educational information, which substantiates the pedagogical technology of visualization of educational information in higher education, as well as determine its composition and structure. The practical side of pedagogical technology of educational information presentation is considered.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제78권
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• pp.93-117
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• 2018

In all countries of the world, the development of trade is an important factor for the survival of the national economy. Increased export will lead to national economic growth. Export is directly linked to employment, and the industrial structure will be developed in the direction to produce products of comparative advantages. Therefore, every country around the world is trying to promote export regardless of the size of its economy. Accordingly, this paper focused on the promotion of export of domestic companies. It proposed to cultivate trade experts to promote export of domestic companies. The following five methods were proposed to materialize the proposal. First, it is important to foster trade experts to expand and foster the one-person creative companies. In particular, it is important to develop a professional education curriculum. It is necessary to design and conduct a systematic curriculum throughout the process including follow-up after education such as teaching detailed procedures for establishing a trade business, identification of relevant regulations and related organizations, understanding of special features of each exporting country, and details of exporting procedures through specialist training for the individual industries, helping themto keep their network steady so that they can easily get help from consultants. Second, it is necessary to educate traders working in the field to make them trade experts and utilize themin on-the-job training and consulting. To do this, it is necessary to introduce systematic consultant selection process, and to introduce a systemto educate and manage them. It is because, we must select the most appropriate candidates, educate themto be lecturers and consultants, and dispatch themto the field, in order to make the best achievement in export. Nurturing trading professionals utilizing the current trading workers to activate export of domestic companies can be more efficient through cooperation of trading education agencies and related agencies in various industries. Third, it is also proposed to cultivate female trade experts by educating female trade workers whose career has been disrupted. It is to provide career disrupted women with opportunities to work after training them as trade professionals and to give manpower pool to domestic companies that are preparing for export. Fourth, it is also proposed to educate foreign students living in Korea to be trading experts and to utilize them as trading infra. They can be trading professionals who will contribute to the promotion of export. In the short term, they will be provided with opportunities for employment and start-upin the field of trade, and in the mid- to long-term, they may develop a business network between Korea and their own countries. To this end, we need to improve the visa system, expand free trade education opportunities, and support them so that they can establish small but strong enterprises. Fifth, it is proposed to proactively expand trade education to specialized high school students. Considering that most of domestic companies pursuing activation of export are small but strong companies or small and mediumsized companies, they may prefer high school graduates rather than university graduates because of financial limitations. Besides, the specialized high school students may occupy better position in the job market if they are equipped with expertise in trading. This study can be meaningful, in that it is the first research that focuses on cultivating trading experts to contribute to the export activation of domestic companies. However, it also has a limitation that it has failed to reflect the more specific field voices. It is hoped that detailed plans will be derived from the opinions of the employees of domestic companies making efforts to become an export company in the related researches in the future.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.25-44
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• 2017

본 연구는 일-EU 자유 무역 협정의 내용에서 한국 기업들에게 직접적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 상호인정 협정 (MRA)을 검토하고 한국 수출 기업에 대한 함의를 제시하는 것이다. 2017 년 벨기에 브뤼셀에서 개최 된 G20 정상 회담에 앞서 일-EU FTA 협상이 재개되었으며 모든 교역 품목의 95%에 대한 관세 철폐에 합의했다. 일본 자동차는 7년간의 유예 기간과 15년간 유럽 치즈의 점진적인 철폐와 함께 관세 폐지에 대해 적극적으로 협상을 벌였다. EPA 협정으로 일본과 비슷한 산업 구조를 가진 한국은 가공 식품, 화학제품, 의료 장비, 유제품 및 자동차 산업에 타격을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 이러한 상황에서 한국 수출기업의 대응방안으로 첫째, 국제적 기술기준에 대한 이해와 전략적 대응. 둘째, 한국기업의 국가별 인증제도에 대한 이해. 셋째, 한국이 체결한 FTA의 적극적인 활용. 넷째, 기업의 MRA 운영에 적극적으로 참여등을 제시하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제47권
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• pp.239-260
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• 2010

The purpose of this study would like to investigate the critical success factors of the e-procurement which means on-line purchase of goods and services for organizations. This action represents one of the largest expense items in a firm's cost structure. In order to draw CSFs of e-procurement system, we have surveyed questionnaire to the related firms. The basic variables used in this survey are taken from many precedent researches in relation to the e-procurement. On the other hand, the research data is collected from companies which had used the MRO e-marketplace. Through factor analysis of those data, four-factor resulted as follows: (1) factor one suggests the rationalization of the firm's management of its suppliers; (2) factor two calls for redesigning affected business processes and influencing end-user/employee procurement-related behaviors; (3) factor three refers to carefully orchestrating an e-procurement technology planning process with one's suppliers and using intelligence in designing the software and mining the data it produces; and (4) factor four relates to selecting an e-procurement solution and/or simultaneously participating in a number of electronic environments supporting e-procurement. In conclusion, these four factors are regarded as critical success factors for the application of e-procurement system and then suppliers should take care the effective planning of e-procurement structure.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제38권
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• pp.327-376
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• 2008

China is marking 9.4% annual growth rate in average since 1978. GDP reached $1090 in 2003 as the first time and China ranked at 4th with their economy size in 2006. One of the remarkable change in China is the extension of foreign open-door policy. China joined WTO in the end of 2001 and it strengthen the foundation of Chinese market economy structure and encouraged the inflow of foreign capital. While 400 of the 500 global corporations advanced into China, the economy trade has been rapidly increasing between Korea and China. The economy trade in both countries has been regularized since 1992 and the annual trade is tending upwards in last 15 years. Korean trade toward China reached 134,400 million which is increased 27 times compared with the total of 1982. In this period, Korean trade toward China marked 24.5% in Export increasing rate and 16.7% in import increasing rate. China became the 2nd biggest export country of Korea in 2001 and became the top in 2003. As the China foreign direct investment has been increasing rapidly, the number of Korean companies advanced into China has been remarkably increasing. By focusing on a thorough review of the nationally published documents of Korean-Chinese business management research during more than two decades (1981-2004), the present paper has been systematically classified and analyzed the current status of Korean-Chinese business management research. The paper raised some important issues regarding Korean-Chinese business management research and predominantly, its future prospects are outlined. In the paper, the documents which are registered in the Korean Academic Processing Foundation registration of journals and candidate registration of journals have been classified by: research purpose, main subject, research method and the results. Careful analysis among the research clarified the active and inactive business management research fields. This clarification enables us to get a better understanding of the current research of Korean-Chinese business management, and more importantly, it pointed out to the direction of future development of research. In addition, the systematic classification made by this paper may contribute to the decision making of subject index of Korean-Chinese business management research since there has been no classification standard of it until now.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.313-332
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• 2013

풍부한 자원과 우수한 과학기술력, 거대한 내수시장을 보유한, 잠재력이 큰 동토의 제국 러시아가 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 즉, 원유, 가스, 광물 등 풍부한 에너지자원을 바탕으로 대외교역이 활성화되면서 거대한 자본이 움직이고 있다. 강력한 법, 제도 개선을 통한 사회간접자본(SOC)을 투입해 러시아 경제구조를 변화시키고 있는 것이다. 그중의 하나가 1993년부터 추진해온 WTO(세계무역기구) 가입을 19년 만에 결실을 보게 된 것이다. 2012년 7월 10일 러시아 의회는 WTO 가입 비준안을 통과시켰으며 8월 22일 공식 발효됨에 따라 156번째 WTO 회원국으로 공식 가입되었다. 세계 11위의 경제규모인 러시아가 WTO에 가입함에 따라, 러시아로 수출되는 한국산 자동차 관세가 30%에서 15%, TV부품이 10%에서 0%로, 철강제품이 20%에서 5%로 감소하는 등 러시아로 수출하는 우리나라 수출기업에게 새로운 기회의 땅이 될 전망이다. 러시아는 WTO 가입을 통해 거시경제 부문에서 투자환경 개선, 서비스산업 개방, 제조업 활성화 등 변화를 기대하고, 실물경제에는 관세율 인하, 수입가격 하락 등에 따른 수입과 소비증대를 전망하고 있으나 제조업 기반이 취약해서 한편에서는 우려의 시각도 있다. 아무튼 러시아 WTO 가입은 시장개방으로 공정성과 투명성 등이 개선되어 우리나라 기업의 대러시아 진출이 용이해질 것으로 사료되며, 특히 제조업과 기술이 강한 우리나라와 상호보완적 협력이 기대된다. 이에 본 논문은 러시아 WTO 가입 이후 무역자유화, 대외개방이 확대되는 시점에서 한국과 러시아 간 새로운 경제협력시대를 준비하고, 특히 우리나라 기업의 러시아 교역의 증가가 예상되기에 진출시 대응전략을 제시하고자 한다.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2016

In this study, a method for the multi-objective optimization of an impeller for a centrifugal compressor using fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and response surface method (RSM) was proposed. Numerical simulation was conducted using ANSYS CFX and Mechanical with various configurations of impeller geometry. Each design parameter was divided into 3 levels. A total of 15 design points were planned using Box-Behnken design, which is one of the design of experiment (DOE) techniques. Response surfaces based on the results of the DOE were used to find the optimal shape of the impeller. Two objective functions, isentropic efficiency and equivalent stress were selected. Each objective function is an important factor of aerodynamic performance and structural safety. The entire process of optimization was conducted using the ANSYS Design Xplorer (DX). The trade-off between the two objectives was analyzed in the light of Pareto-optimal solutions. Through the optimization, the structural safety and aerodynamic performance of the centrifugal compressor were increased.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.158-170
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• 2009

This paper considers how the optimal export level is influenced by export risk, the degree of risk-averseness for exporting firms, and those firms' cost structure. In addition, export insurance is incorporated into some simple theoretical model to analyze the optimal export level. This paper applies genetic algorithm simulation to show that the exporting firms'risk-averseness do not affect the optimal export decision while export risk and cost function characteristic have relatively more significant effects on the optimal export level. Finally, our findings suggest that the most influential factor for the optimal export levels seems to be the monopoly power of exporting firms.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.139-159
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• 2003

This study deals sith some problems of foreign direct investment and seeks for the ways of activating foreign direct investment (hereafter F.D.I.) by analyzing the Korean economic structure that is faced with the neo-protectivism and nationalism of the advanced or foreign countries currently. During a transformational process in the transitional period of world trade environment, it is necessary for Korea not only to learn the higher technology for advanced countries, but also to apply techonology to their economic structure in order to enter into competition with the advanced countries. Based on the experiences and accomplishments from their investments, Korean enterprises should turn their business into F.D.I. and act appropriately in order to keep the balance between indoor and outdoor investment. Looking through the ways to activate F.D.I., we may make conclusions as follows: 1. Government policy transparency 2. Prudential Macro Economic policy 3. International policy coorperation system 4. Solidification of Foreign Commercial intercourse to Developing countries 5. Globalixation base of domestic coorperation 6. High efficiency- low cost of business coorperation enterprise 7. Attacktive investiestment strategies on conclusive competive advantage 8. Multilateral investment Area 9. New recognixation on marketing investment etc. F.D.I. strategies