• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.2993-3002
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• 2015

국제 물품매매계약에서 INCOTERMS 2010 이 적용되기 시작한 지 5년이 지나면서 그 사용현황과 실무적 적용의 문제점을 분석하기 위하여 지난 10년간 우리나라 수출 거래계약조건과 운송서류 발행 형태를 조사하였다. 조사 결과 첫째, INCOTERMS 2010은 공식 규칙이 아닌 몇 가지 규칙이 사용되고 있으며, 둘째, 해상 및 내수로 운송에 사용되어야 하는 전통적 사용 규칙인 FAS, FOB, CIF, CFR 규칙 사용이 여전히 대부분을 차지하며 모든 운송에 사용되는 규칙으로 변경되지 않고 있다. 셋째, CPT, CIP조건에서 물품의 인도시기 즉 소유권이전의 문제가 이 두 조건의 사용을 활성화 시키지 못하는 실질적 이유가 되고 있다. 넷째, DAT 조건은 사용이 극히 저조 한데 그 이유는 터미널의 장소를 지정이 실무적으로 계약 시점에 확정하기 어렵고 운송 과정에 변경되기도 한다. 이러한 문제점들은 INCOTERMS 2010에 대한 적절한 사용 조건에 대한 보다 적극적인홍보 활동이 필요하며, 거래조건을 해석하고 분쟁 해결을 위한 내용을 서문에 제시하는 것이 바람직 할 것이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제20권
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• pp.241-265
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the customs clearance impediment and trade parties breaches of international sales contract by the impediment. Customs clearance impediment arises when (a)clearance is not permitted, (b) importation goods are confiscated, (c)clearance delay without expectation, and (d) additional excessive trade cost caused in the process of clearance. This kind of clearance impediment may cause the breach of international sales contract. And it depends on its contents of contract and causal sequence i.e. cause and effect respectively in determining who is liable for it. If one party exemptions by Article 79 CISG, next three elements must be proved. (a)The failure was due to an impediment beyond his control; (b)the impediment was reasonably unforeseeable at the time of the conclusion of the contract, and (c)the impediment was reasonably impossible to overcome. But the customs clearance impediment is not easy to prove these three elements, the party who is responsible the customs clearance may not be exemptions by Article 79 CISG. And, according to review, it is concluded that the buyer, rather than seller, is liable for the damage which is caused in the process of clearance. It is also confirmed that the seller is sometimes liable for depending on clauses of contracts i.e. quality conditions.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제9권
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• pp.165-177
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• 2002

The purpose of this comparative study is to compare and evaluate international arbitration and forum selection agreements. Recent decades have seen an unparalleled expansion of global trade and investment. Business enterprises of every description ann find themselves entangled in legal proceedings with foreign companies or government entities. Thus, the costs of these proceedings and the consequences of losing are often substantial. Almost, every international commercial controversy poses a critical preliminary question - 'where, and by whom, will this dispute be decided?' the answer to this question often decisively affects a dispute's eventual outcome. It can mean the difference between winning and losing. between de minimis damages and a multimillion dollar award. The same dispute can have materially different outcomes in different forums. Because of the importance of forum selection, parties to international contracts often include contractual dispute resolution provisions in their agreements. These provisions significantly reduce the uncertainties inherent in international commercial disputes, and can offer a substantial measure of partisan advantage. as a consequence, it is almost always advisable to include a contractual dispute resolution provision in any international contract. These provisions typically take the form of : (1) forum selection clauses, or (2) arbitration agreements.

• 동아시아경상학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.39-57
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper is to examine the work of a third party in the process of import and export management. In other words, the purpose of this paper is investigate the status and functional role of a third party in relation to each terms of the trade contract. Research design, data, methodology - This study consists of 5 chapters through literature survey. It will examine the involvement of the third party through each terms. Chapter 1 introduction, Chapter 2 deals with trade contracts, Chapter 3 investigates the shipping terms, payment terms, and insurance terms, and Chapter 4 reviews with commercial arbitration. And in Chapter 5, it looks at the conclusion and implications. Results - The relevant party in the import and export management process may be a third party through outsourcing, not the principal. At this time, in fulfilling each condition of trade, it can be seen that the implementation of tasks through the participation of a third party with high expertise can more smoothly and productively implement the overall import and export management. Therefore, it can be seen that the implementation of the trade business in which the third party participated can be interpreted in terms of derivative effects and at the same time can be a way to improve the principal's competitiveness procedurally. Conclusions -Through this study, in the import and export management, the performance of the work through the agent makes the entire process more smooth and efficient. Outsourcing of roles using the expertise of a third party, a subcontractor rather than a principal, is desirable and important.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제44권
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• pp.239-255
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• 2009

The purpose of this article is to examine the Utilization of Umbrella Clauses in Investor-State Contract Disputes. To accomplish the purpose, this article analyzes the ICSID case of SGS v. Pakistan and SGS v. Philippines. Umbrella clauses have become a regular feature of international investment agreements and have been included to provide additional protection to investors by covering the contractual obligations in investment agreements between host countries and foreign investors. In particular, two recent ICSID decisions, SGS v. Pakistan and SGS v. Philippines, have brought to the forefront the question of whether the umbrella clause applies to obligations arising under otherwise independent investment contracts between the investor and the host State. In focusing on the SGS decisions, this article will give some useful guidelines to Government and Academia under currently prevailing environment of the Free Trade Agreement("FTA") in Korea.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2023

무역계약의 이행기일은 매도인의 물품인도 기일과 매수인의 대금지급 기일이다. 신용장거래에서 무역계약의 이행기일은 신용장에서 명시된 선적기일과 서류매입기일로 본다. 매도인은 매수인으로부터 신용장을 받고나서 5 은행영업일 이내에 신용장의 승낙 여부를 결정하여야 하며 이 기간이 경과하면 매도인은 신용장을 거절할 수 없다. 그러나 매수인의 귀책 사유로 인하여 5 은행영업일 이내에 신용장의 승낙 여부를 결정하지 못하는 경우에는 신용장에 명시된 선적기일까지 연장된다. 매도인이 신용장 변경을 요청한 경우에 매수인은 반드시 이를 수락하여 매도인이 원하는 신용장을 변경하여 매도인에게 개설하여야 한다. 매수인이 매도인의 신용장 변경 요청을 거절하면 A사는 B사가 요청한 대로 신용장 내용을 변경하여 다시 개설할 의무가 있고 A사가 단순히 신용장의 변경을 지체한 것이 아니라 B사의 신용장 요청을 거절한 경우에는 B사가 견적서에 합의하여 기대할 수 있는 바를 실질적으로 박탈하는 것으로 국제물품매매계약에 관한 국제연합협약 제25조가 규정한 본질적인 계약위반에 해당되어 B사는 무역계약을 해제할 수 있고 A사에게 손해배상을 청구할 수 있다. A사의 무역계약 위반으로 인한 손해배상액은 이익의 상실을 포함하여 그 위반의 결과 B사가 입은 손실과 동등한 금액으로 하여야 한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2018

Purpose - This study aims to investigate whether the buyer's participation in CSR activities can affect the informal cooperation and relationship beyond formal cooperation and relationship. Research design, data, and methodology - We defined the research model and selected variables(monitoring and contracts by the buyer, formal cooperation & relationship, and informal cooperation & relationship). After completing the questionnaire, we analyzed 319 manufacturing companies. Prior to the hypothesis testing, Exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) were conducted to check for discriminant validity and convergent validity. Results - The stronger the buyer monitoring on the company's CSR activities, the more positive it affects the formal business cooperation. On the other hand, strong buyer monitoring did not affect formal business relationships. Therefore, even if buyers' monitoring of CSR activities is strong, it does not mean that the formal business relationship is improved, but it means that it is possible to improve the formal business cooperation. Conclusions - This study shows that the stronger the buyer monitoring on the supplier's CSR activities, the more positive it affects formal cooperation. It also demonstrates that formal business cooperation between the supplier and the buyer, that is, sharing goals and works for CSR activities, has a positive effect on relationships based on emotional exchange and commitment.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.93-108
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines the admissibility of restitution as the legal consequence where a contract is frustrated under the Law of Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 in comparison with Korean Civil Code (KCC). In order to provide practical guidelines and advice regarding choice of and application of law for contracting parties in international trade, the paper comparatively evaluates requirements and the scope of restitution under the Act 1943 and KCC. Design/methodology - This paper executes a comparative study to analyze whether the parties may claim restitution of money paid or non-money benefit obtained before or after the time of discharge under English law and KCC. To achieve the purpose, it focuses on the identifying characteristics of each statute, thereby providing guidelines to overcome difficulties in legal application and interpretation as to restitution as the consequence of frustration. Findings - Under English law, the benefit may be restituted according to Art 1943 or the common law rule, mistake of fact or law. Under the KCC, restitution is considered based on the principle of the obligation to recover the original obtained regardless of the time when the benefit is conferred. Whilst Act 1943 does not require careful analysis of the grounds of restitution, requirements to justify restitution according to the principle of unjust enrichment, mistake of fact or law, and the KCC should be met. Meanwhile, the KCC may provide more opportunities to award restitution because it does not require the burden of proof related to the defendant's good faith, unlike the principle of unjust enrichment. Originality/value - Where the contract is frustrated by the effect of COVID-19, one legal issue is a consequence of frustration. Therefore, this paper analyzes requirements and the scope of restitution under English law as compared with the KCC in a timely manner. It provides contracting parties with practical guidelines and advice to reduce unpredictability when they choose the governing law in a contract.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제26권
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• pp.3-34
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• 2005

This thesis is in focus on keeping int'l businessman in mind application of CISG to perform smoothly in the their oversea's trade in accordance with taking effect on ratification of it from first, March, 2005. First of all, they have to keep in mind that it is possible to fall within the sphere of application of CISG of their contracts made between parties whose places of business are in different countries or although they have their places of business in different contracting states, if rules of private int'l law imply or express to the application of law of contracting state. Therefore in order to avoid confusion about whether apply or not, it is necessary to customize application of CISG as a proper law of their contracts. If so, they can avoid problem of requirements as to forms and any other requirement as to forms. Secondly they must attend the use of the legislative history of CISG and the use of the int'l case law and various scholarly thesises that studied on CISG such as information of Institute of Int'l Commercial Law under School of Law, PACE University. If so, problems which can give a rise in connection with interpretation of a basic and important terminology of CISG will be successfully conquest. In addition to above mentioned attentiveness, they must keeping in mind that various problems in connection with application of provisions of CISG can give their oversea's business a obstacle. buy the way of precaution against this case, they have to collect and analyze various materials about CISG.

• 무역학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.15-39
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• 2016

본 연구는 국제무역거래의 법적 뒷받침인 상관습법을 알아보고 어떻게 상관습법이 국제무역거래에서 영향력을 행사하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 상관습법은 크게 국제 협약, 모델법, 국제규칙으로 구분됨을 밝히고 국제물품매매계약의 대표적인 국제협약인 국제물품매매계약유엔협약(일명 'CISG')과 국제상사계약에 관한 UNIDROIT 원칙(일명 'PICC 원칙')을 적용 범위와 해석 원칙에 근거하여 살펴보았다. 논의 결과, 먼저 CISG는 국제물품매매계약의 통일과 조화를 위하여 기획된 제정법이며 PICC 원칙은 국제규칙에 불과한 것으로 파악되었다. 둘째, CISG와 PICC 원칙은 모두 양당사자의 의사 합의를 존중하였으며 합의에 의해 명시적으로 배제 가능하다. 셋째, CISG는 모든 나라가 가입이나 비준한 것은 아니기 때문에 CISG 적용상 지역적 불균형이 있다. 또한 CISG 체약국이더라도 각 국가의 국내법과 연결 정도에 따라 적용상의 차이가 있다. 지금 미국의 법에서는 약인이론, 사기방지법, 구두증거배제의 원칙이 있지만 CISG는 이런 규정이 없다. PICC 원칙은 계약에 준거법으로 활용되는 것이 아니라 계약의 준거법에 보충하거나 해석 시 고려되는 원칙에 불과하지만 향후에는 소송보다는 중재가 더욱 선호되는 것임을 감안하면 중재판정부에 의한 계약의 준거법 해석에 보완하는 역할로 더욱 힘을 발휘할 것으로 판단된다.