• 무역상무연구
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• 제76권
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• pp.103-123
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• 2017

If additional condition in letter of credit is used in malicious way, it affects the international trade transaction in jeopardy. Therefore, it's significant to identify whether additional conditions are malicious or ordinary in the transaction with letter of credit. In normal cases, thanks to lots of useful features as an international payment method, such as security of payment, legal protection, and versatility, a letter of credit is widely used in international trade. However, even with these advantageous features, a letter of credit is complicate and costly to use, compared to other payment methods. Furthermore, due to its principle of independence from underlying contract, a use of letter of credit creates another type of concern for proper handling and needs significant caution upon field use. At some points, malicious additional conditions are used for buyer's advantage in deal making and fraud instance in worst situation. In addition, some countries request malicious conditions against sellers as a non-tariff barrier. Therefore it's extremely important to recognize whether malicious additional condition exists in letter of credit and, if so, how to deal with it. This study delivers the information to distinguish and categorize the malicious conditions in various cases and to figure out how to deal with them for safer trade with less risk.

• 무역학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.71-89
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• 2020

This study was carried out to identify the impact of EU GDPR on international trade amid the ongoing digital trade liberalization. To do this, we first looked at the current trend of digital trade liberalization, the role of data in it, and the trade-restrictive elements of EU GDPR. This allowed us to identify the negative impact of GDPR on free trade. It then conducted an interview survey on Korean companies operating in the EU to verify the conclusions reached. The result of this survey showed that the level of GDPR risk perceived by Korean firms was very low compared with those of American, Japanese and Chinese firms. In particular, the impact of GDPR is not clear for Korea's SMEs. It can be assumed that the reason for this is that Korean SMEs are not using data as a major business tool while the capability of SMEs is sufficient to cope with GDPR. In this regard, the government's appropriate policies and further research for SMEs are needed.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.785-815
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• 2013

본 논문은 중력모형을 이용해서 환경규제가 한국의 수출량, 총무역량 및 국제경쟁력에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 규명해 보는 것이다. 고정효과 추정방법을 이용해서 전 산업, 비 환경오염산업, 16개 환경오염산업을 대상으로 추정하였으며, 자료는 한국과 교역량이 많은 120개 국가를 선정하여 2000년-2010년 사이의 산업패널자료와 환경성과지수(EPI)를 환경규제의 대리변수로 사용하였다. 분석 결과 한국과 교역상대국의 국내총생산량이 한국의 무역을 신장시키는데 큰 영향을 미친 변수라면, 교역상대국의 환경규제는 한국의 오염산업의 수출과 무역량을 감소시키고 국제경쟁력을 떨어뜨리는 무역장벽의 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 분석기간 동안 비 오염산업에서는 이러한 환경규제효과가 극명하게 나타나지 않았다. 개별 산업에 대한 분석 결과 상당한 비중의 오염산업들이 교역상대국의 환경규제에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 관점에서 동기간 사이에 한국의 무역에 있어서는 포터가설은 성립하지 않는 것으로 보인다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2016

Purpose - This research focuses on the analysis of logistics barriers in Korea, China and Japan facing the barriers of overseas-expanded manufacturers with other countries. With the tree countries are emerging as the biggest trade partners in Northeast Asia, their logistics barriers are applied with similar verification methods of preceding researches such as Carter(1997). Research design, data and methodology - Collecting the statistics data from the three countries' overseas-expanded manufacturers, t-verification was performed in order to analyze average value and verify any significance. Additionally, multiple regression analysis was used to analyze any influence on the relationship in Korean logistics barrier and Chinese and Japanese expansion to Korean market. Results - Statistics suggested that three countries' logistics barriers are significantly differentiated by each verification categories, and Korean barrier negatively affected Chinese and Japanese manufacturers coming into Korean market. Conclusions - As a result of multiple regression analysis of the influencing relationship between Korea's logistics barrier and Chinese and Japanese companies coming into Korean market, all of the Korean barriers are affecting the companies as an obstructive factor, and it is proved to be statistically meaningful. Therefore, in order to reduce Chinese and Japanese companies' cost burden, it is necessary that not only reasonable charge system and taxation support but also comprehensive measure establishment reduce Korea's logistics barriers. However, since this research has a limitation in samples and shows a period of 5 years in the three nations' trade barriers, continuous and complementary researches are necessary in order to develop certain objectivity.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

디지털 무역의 확산으로 글로벌 통상환경 하에서 디지털 무역이 차지하는 비중이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 국제적인 디지털 통상규범이 부재한 상황이므로 새로운 무역규범 정립을 위한 논의는 중요한 의의를 가진다. 세계 각국은 자국의 이익을 고려한 디지털 무역정책을 시행하고 있으나 상이한 규제정책으로 통상갈등을 초래하고 있다. 국경 간 데이터의 자유로운 이동에 따른 개인정보 침해에 대한 안전장치를 마련하기 위해 세계 주요국들은 데이터 지역화 조치를 취하고, EU는 GDPR을 발효하였다. 개인정보가 포함된 데이터의 이전을 제한하는 규제들은 디지털 기업들의 경영활동에 장애요인이 될 수 있다. 그리고 주요국들이 도입한 디지털세에 관하여 미국은 디지털세 부과를 차별적인 조치인 무역장벽으로 간주하고 있으며, 일부 국가들은 자국에 미칠 부정적인 영향을 우려해 디지털세 도입을 반대하고 있다. 그러나 OECD와 G20을 중심으로 이루어진 글로벌 디지털세에 관한 논의가 진전을 보이면서 디지털세 합의안이 연내에 도출될 가능성이 높기 때문에 이에 대한 대응책도 마련해야 하는 상황이다. 그러므로 본 연구는 디지털 무역 규범의 최근 동향을 고찰하고, 디지털 무역의 핵심 쟁점들을 분석함으로써 향후 우리나라 통상정책 방향에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.105-125
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• 2021

Purpose - This study analyzes the effects that the response to the technical barriers to trade (TBT), which are used by various countries as means to restrict imports, exerts on exports at a time when protectionism is emerging in the face of a global economic downturn. TBT has been widely used in developed countries for the safety and protection of their people. Recently, the use of TBT as a tool of protectionism has increased considerably in developing countries as well. Therefore, this study analyzes the South Korean SMEs' response and export performance. Design/methodology - To analyze SMEs' response to TBT and their export performance, this study conducted empirical analysis through statistical analysis. To this end, the research established a theory based on previous research and designed its hypothesis and research model. To verify the hypothesis and research model, factor analysis addressing validity and reliability was performed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 26, and the structural equation model was analyzed. Findings - This study found the causal relationship between the independent variable, the mediating variable, and the dependent variable adopted against the theoretical background to have little or no effect, in contrast with previous studies. In a break from previous studies, all hypotheses were rejected for innovation strategic competencies, one of the sub-factors of the independent variable, which is believed to be a result of the lack of practical research related to TBT. Originality/value - Previous studies performed analysis using trade statistics or macro data. A number of such studies analyzed the relationship between technical regulation and trade volume. This study differs from previous studies in some respects, because it analyzed the export performance of companies by establishing a hypothesis and implementing a research model with the factors analyzed in previous studies. In addition, a new attempt has been made by classifying the TBT response factors into technology competencies, human resource competencies, and innovation strategic competencies, and utilizing technology innovation and the export support system as mediating effects.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.115-134
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• 2020

Purpose - International trade leads to the international division of labor, improving the efficiency of the global economic system. Transport costs are a more serious barrier to international trade than customs tariffs. An increase in competition in the transport sector may thus lead to a reduction in transport costs. However, if a carrier's nationality significantly influences transport costs, simply adding more competing carriers of different nationalities would be ineffective. Therefore, it is necessary to establish national or regional carriers to influence competition and reduce transport costs. This study investigates this "nationality effect" by treating Hanjin Shipping's collapse as a natural experiment. Design/methodology - The theoretical basis of this study is the 3rd-degree price discrimination in container shipping market. By using the monthly data of container freight rates of Korea, China and Japan, this study shows the so-called Korea Premiums, which are the empirical counterparts of nationality effect in Korea container shipping market. For this empirical investigation, the structural model with state-space form is used and the dummy models are also estimated. In addition, because China has been also affected by the Hanjin's collapse, the China premiums are considered too. Findings - Compared with Japan's case, it is shown that there had been the so-called Korea premiums since the collapse of Hanjin Shipping. These results are robust from both the state-space model and dummy models. The time pattern of Korea premiums was consistent with the market evolution, especially the pattern of substitutability in container shipping markets. In addition, this paper shows the magnitude of Korea premiums. Originality/value - The argument of this study that the nationality effect can be interpreted as an extended concept of the home market effect is original, which is expected to evoke future research efforts. Further, the discussion on the shipping industrial policy from both horizontal and vertical aspects will provide the relevant policy makers with solid information, especially for the policy coordination in a global scale.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.247-274
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• 2009

The supply chain security programs are designed to prevent terrorist attacks on world transit system, and to help protect the passengers and workers who use these systems on a daily basis. as evidenced by the train bombings in London and Madrid in recent years, the threats to America's transit systems are real. After 9 11 terrors in 2001, security problem is appearing to every nations and international organizations main pending issue than any problem and various countermeasure is prepared. Security is the major issue in international trade, with significant potential costs and economic impact. So, We need to ensure that supply chain security does not become a new non-tariffs barrier. The aim of this study is to examine the international maritime and aviation law on the supply chain security. Also I review the supply chain security in U.S. and other countries.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.193-213
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• 2023

최근 세계 각국의 환경보호 및 기후변화 대응 정책들이 무역에 미치는 영향이 증가하고 있다. 주요국들은 보호무역주의를 강화하며 환경보호를 명분으로 추진되는 기술무역장벽(Technical Barriers to Trade; TBT)을 확대하고 있다. 이러한 국제적 흐름은 제조업의 무역의존도가 높은 우리나라에 많은 시사점을 제공한다. TBT가 무역에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 선행연구에서 여러 상충되는 결과를 제시하고 있으므로, 실증분석을 통해 환경 TBT의 영향을 살펴보는 것은 의미가 있다. 본 연구는 중력모형을 이용하여 환경 TBT가 국내 주요 제조업 수출에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 분석 결과 주요국의 환경 TBT는 우리나라 제조업의 수출에 미치는 영향이 양(+)의 방향으로 나타났지만, 전기·전자부품 산업은 수출에 부정적인 영향을 받고 있었다. 본 연구는 국내 산업의 경쟁력 강화와 대응 역량을 제고하기 위한 정책적 방향을 제시하며, 새로운 무역환경 변화를 선제적으로 파악하기 위한 전략 마련의 기틀을 제공한다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2015

Purpose - Currently, the foreign trade environment in China has shifted to a very different system. Korean enterprises have been forced to compete with Chinese enterprises in today's world market owing to the economic growth and technical improvement in China. Research design, data, and methodology - The author visited Korean export enterprises in Shanghai from January 5 to 12, 2014 to implement a questionnaire survey and conduct in-depth interviews with the local enterprises. The author investigated the Shenyang area using e-mail communication. For the questionnaire, one copy of the questionnaire was given to each business and to a staff member for each of the products when a company sold multiple products. Results - Selling cost advantage, efficiency of economic scale, and product differentiation had the most influence on Korean enterprises' export strategy to China. Additionally, entry barrier, product differentiation, and concentration all had an influence on Korean enterprise export strategy to China as well. Conclusion - Korean enterprises developed strategies for price priority, economies of scale, and product differentiation based on changes in the competitive structure in the Chinese market.