• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.541-550
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• 2022

When decommissioning nuclear power plant (NPP), the first task performed is cost estimation. This is an important task in terms of securing adequate decommissioning funds and managing the schedule. Therefore, many countries and institutions are conducting continuous research and also developing and using many programs for cost estimation. However, the cost estimated for decommissioning an NPP typically differs from the actual cost incurred in its decommissioning. This is caused by insufficient experience in decommissioning NPPs or lack of decommissioning cost data. This uncertainty in cost estimation can be in general compensated for by applying a contingency. However, reflecting an appropriate standard for the contingency is also difficult. Therefore, in this study, data analysis was conducted based on the contingency guideline suggested by each institution and the actual cost of decommissioning the NPP. Subsequently, TLG Service, Inc.'s process, which recently suggested specific decommissioning costs, was matched with ISDC (International Structure for Decommissioning Costing)'s work breakdown structure (WBS). Based on the matching result, the guideline for applying the contingency for ISDC's WBS Level 1 were presented. This study will be helpful in cost estimation by applying appropriate contingency guidelines in countries or institutions that have no experience in decommissioning NPPs.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.137-146
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• 2015

The aging process in this country is underway at the fastest pace compared to those of the leading countries. On the other hand, preparing for retirement funds is more difficult than before due to the impact of slow interest rate and slow growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the necessity of providing various financial services in preparation for the future aging era. After analizing the various materials and utilizing a survey of the bank employees and the general public, we have found the followings. The replacement rate of this country, 55%, is much lower than the suggested level of World Bank, 75%. Also, the pension ratio in the income after retirement of this country is much lower compared to those of the States and Japan. The most people who participated in the survey needed ￦2,000 - ￦2,990 thousand for monthly living expenses after retirement. For the retirement funds, the higher the age the higher proportion of savings deposits they want, and the lower the age the higher proportion of insurance and pension products they want. Based on these analyses, the necessities of developing financial life planning which includes both financial and non-financial sides, retirement funds management according to age, revitalization of housing pension and developing diverse retirement funds are suggested.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1-15
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• 2024

We have made significant efforts to deeply investigate and analyze the success factors of small business owners, who play a crucial role in modern society, to gain a clear understanding of the factors that affect their business performance. We set the management capabilities of small business owners, the utilization of government support services, and policy support funds as the main variables. Our research has discovered that the management capabilities of small business owners and government support services positively influence their business performance. This means that small business owners can enhance their business performance by strengthening their capabilities and efficiently utilizing government support services. The utilization of policy support funds showed a moderating effect only on the impact of government support services on financial performance, but not on other business performances. This suggests that while the utilization of policy support funds is necessary, it is not sufficient by itself and needs to work in combination with other variables to see effectiveness. Our research proposes a new direction for the success of small business owners. Through this research, small business owners and related policy decision-makers can gain deep insights into the factors that influence the business performance of small business owners and how to effectively manage and utilize these factors. This research has made a significant contribution to academic research on business management and small business owners. Through a deep understanding of the success factors of small business owners, we have proposed new research directions and strategies that can help improve their business performance. These efforts will take us a step further in enhancing the social and economic value of small business owners.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.48
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• pp.127-155
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• 2010

The international transactions of capital goods such as industrial plant exports, overseas constructions, and shipbuilding exports, are so huge that tremendous amount of funds are required, and that most of the loans are long-term credits of over five years. In the export of huge capital goods, financing is more crucial than technology itself. Some of the importing countries are developing ones that are politically and economically unstable. Therefore the financing mechanism for these transactions is conclusive in winning these projects. Global financial market instability caused by US sub-prime mortgage financial crisis expanded all over the world, and the international transactions have been decreased due to global credit crisis. This indicates how much influential the financing market is in international transactions. The financing schemes are classified into supplier credit and buyer credit by who provides the financing. A supplier credit is a credit extended by an exporter(seller) to an importer(buyer) as part of an export contract. Cover for this transaction may be extended by an export credit agency('ECA') to the exporter. In a sales contract a seller shall provide fund required to manufacture goods, and in a construction contract a contractor shall provide fund required to complete a construction. A buyer credit is an arrangement in which an exporter enters into a contract with an importer, which is financed by means of a loan agreement A Comparative Study on a Supplier Credit and a Buyer Credit in International Transactions of Capital Goods 155 where the borrower is the importer. In a sales contract a buyer shall provide fund required to manufacture and procure the goods, and in a construction contract an owner shall provide fund required to complete a construction. Therefore an exporter is paid on progressive payment method. A supplier credit and a buyer credit have their own advantages and disadvantages in the respect of the parties respectively. These two financing methods are selectively used considering financing conditions such as funding cost, importer's and/or exporter's financial conditions, importing country's political risk.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

This study investigates the dynamic structure of interdependence on the domestic and related major stock markets by employing a statistical framework. Finance theory predicts potential gains by international portfolio diversification if returns from investment in different national stock markets are not perfectly correlated or not cointegrated. The benefit of international diversification is limited when national stock markets are cointegrated because of the limited amount of independent variation by the presence of common factors. The statistical tests suggest that international diversification appears to be favorable after the period of the comovement of the stock prices caused by 1997 Asian financial crisis. The result reflects the increase in overseas investment and purchase of overseas funds after the early 2000's.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.22
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• pp.201-226
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• 2004

P & I Clubs are mutual and non-profit making insurers which offer shipowners cover for the contractual and third-party liabilities. Whereas most shipowners obtain P & I insurance to cover for their legal liabilities, they also obtain hull insurance to cover against damages to the hull of their vessels from commercial hull insurers. P & I insurance was distinguished from hull insurance in respect that it offered non-limited cover to shipowner member, but there was a serious debate between P & I Clubs in respect of the non-limited cover. A compromise by International Group of P & I Clubs eventually emerged under which, with effect from 20 February 1997, a financial cap was placed on the obligation of each shipowner to pay catasrophe calls to his club(20% of each ship's property limitation fund under 1976 Limitation Convention). Nevertheless many shipowners felt that this new cap on their potential catastrophe call had been set still too high, while others resisted any reduction in the figure established by the compromise. In the Meantime, the European Commission issued a Statement of Objections in June 1997, in which it indicated its objections with a compulsory single limit common th all the Group clubs as high as the 1997 compromise. Eventually the board of all the Group clubs decided that the figure of 20% of the Limitation Convention per ship property funds should be dropped down to 2.5% from 20 February 1999.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.239-246
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• 2021

This article substantiates the scientific provisions for modelling the level of Ukraine's public financial security taking into account the impact of budget policy, in the process of which identified indicators of budget policy that significantly affect the public financial security and the factors of budget policy based on regression analysis do not interact closely with each other. A seven-factor regression equation is constructed, which is statistically significant, reliable, economically logical, and devoid of autocorrelation. The objective function of maximizing the level of public financial security is constructed and strategic guidelines of budget policy in the context of Ukraine's public financial security are developed, in particular: optimization of the structure of budget revenues through the expansion of the resource base; reduction of the budget deficit while ensuring faster growth rates of state and local budget revenues compared to their expenditures; optimization of debt serviced from the budget through raising funds from the sale of domestic government bonds, mainly on a long-term basis; minimization of budgetary risks and existing threats to the public financial security by ensuring long-term stability of budgets etc.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.43-68
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• 2002

In the fisheries industry, the cost of oil Is the greatest factor, contributing 25% 40% of the cost of production. In order to support fisheries, the government has supplied large amounts of money for oil to the fisheries industry. However, the elimination and restriction against the subsidy of fisheries has been actively discussed throughout international organizations Including the WTO. The purpose of this thesis is to study the existing issue of subsidies on the fisheries Industry, which is currently disputed in international organizations, and predict a future policy about the oil supply that considers the most important factors on fisheries. In chapter 2, the paper begins by outlining the tendencies of discussion in relation to the subsidy on fisheries among international organizations, and categorizes them on the basis of their types. Chapter 3 defines the current conditions and characteristics of the Korean subsidy on fisheries and analyzes which portions of the subsidy on fisheries should be eliminated first when it is prohibited. In chapter 4, procedures and problems for producing tax-free oil are discussed, because tax-free oil has a higher possibility of being ruled out. Chapter 5 proposes a reasonable plan concerning oil supply policies for maintenance or enrichment of the fishing industries, post the elimination of subsidies. Conclusions were drawn in eight areas as a result of this study: 1) securing the large storage of oil, 2) extending customers of oil to include non-fishermen, 3) coordinating the segmentation of marketing area, 4) diversification of the sales goods, 5) producing oil sales experts, 6) developing original brands, 7) expanding the purchasing area to buy oil in the international market, and 8) operating funds to stabilize oil price. It would not be appropriate to wait until international organizations decide to ban the subsidy of fisheries. Corresponding plans ( such as securing the large storage of oil) tend to be large scale and long-term projects because they take a number of years, from designing the oil storage tank to selecting the proper region and initiating the construction. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that any extensive and time consuming projects including preparation for the tax-free oil should be completed in new actions before the ban by the international organizations.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.305-337
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• 2012

The OECD High Level Forum-4 that was held in Busan in 2011 was a very important international conference in which more than 2,000 high level representatives from OECD countries, UN, private businesses, charity foundations, NGOs, etc participated, and which dealt with the aid effectiveness issues of ODA (Official Development Assistance), one of the important funds for social welfare of developing countries. However, despite its significance, none of social work organizations, either international or domestic, were in appearance during the conference. What made such a thing happen? This study started from that question and tried to explore the history of international social work: when and how social work gained an international leadership in caring for social welfare of developing countries and how and why it began to lose it. This study also tried to explore, based on the international experience, the tasks that Korean social work community, both academia and field, which just began to be concerned with international social work for developing countries, should address at this beginning stage.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.145-154
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• 2022

Based on the obtained results of the study, the most problematic issues and legal conflicts are identified, which are related to the ratio of norms of domestic and foreign legislation, taking into account the requirements of the Constitution of Ukraine and the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On international agreements". Along with this, it is stated in this scientific article that there are a number of provisions and examples of positive practice on the specified topic abroad and in international legal acts today, which should be used by Ukraine both in improving legislation on the issues of banking activity and in increasing the level of criminal legal protection of relevant critical infrastructure facilities, especially those that are substantively related to prevention and counteraction of activity, with regard to the legalization (laundering) of criminally obtained funds, financing of terrorism and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, which is quite relevant for our state, given the military conflict that is taking place on its territory in the Donbass. Again, in the same context, the need for more active cooperation between Ukraine and the FATF (international body developing a policy to combat money laundering) has been proven.