• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2014

Purpose: In order to examine whether daily physical activity (DPA) can be considered the same as a regular exercise (RE) in patients with Heart Failure (HF), we examined the relationship between RE and DPA, and we explored the relationship of RE and DPA with exercise capacity and quality of life (QOL) in patients with HF. Methods: This cross-sectional, correlational study utilized pretest data (N=136) of a long-term intervention study. Data of the parent study were collected from May 1st to September 26th, 2013. Measures included questions about regular exercise, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, a 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, and ANOVA using the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: There were inconsistencies in measures between RE and DPA. About 42.0% of the participants engaging in health enhancing physical activity did not consider themselves to be regular exercisers. Depending on the levels of RE and DPA, significant differences in 6MWT and QOL were observed. Conclusion: RE is more likely to be related to the health status of patients with HF. Deliberate assessment and cautious interpretation of DPA in patients with HF is needed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.26-34
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• 2011

Hybrid powertrain systems have been developed to improve the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines. In the case of a parallel hybrid powertrain system, an engine and a motor are directly coupled. Because of the hardware configuration of the parallel hybrid system, friction and the pumping losses of internal combustion engines always exists. Such losses are the primary factors that result in the deterioration of fuel efficiency in the parallel-type hybrid powertrain system. In particular, the engine operates as a power consumption device during the fuel-cut condition. In order to improve the fuel efficiency for the parallel-type hybrid system, cylinder deactivation (CDA) technology was developed. Cylinder deactivation technology can improve fuel efficiency by reducing pumping losses during the fuel-cut driving condition. In a CDA engine, there are two operating modes: a CDA mode and an SI mode according to the vehicle operating condition. However, during the mode change from CDA to SI, a serious fluctuation of the air-fuel ratio can occur without adequate control. In this study, an air-fuel ratio control algorithm during the mode transition from CDA to SI was proposed. The control algorithm was developed based on the mean value CDA engine model. Finally, the performance of the control algorithm was validated by various engine experiments.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.274-282
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, a hybrid power system was developed for agricultural machines with a 20-KW output capacity, and it was attached to a multi-purpose cultivator to improve the performance of the cultivator, which was evaluated using output tests. Methods: The hybrid system combined heterogeneous sources: an internal-combustion engine and an electric power motor. In addition, a power splitter was developed to simplify the power transmission structure. The cultivator using the hybrid system was designed to have increased fuel efficiency and output power and reduced exhaust gas emissions, while maintaining the functions of existing cultivators. Results: The fuel consumption for driving the cultivator in the hybrid engine vehicle (HEV) mode was 341 g/KWh, which was 36% less than the consumption in the engine (ENG) mode for the same load. The maximum power take off output of the hybrid power system was 12.7 KW, which was 38% more than the output of the internal-combustion engine. In the HEV mode, harmful exhaust gas emissions were reduced; i.e., CO emissions were reduced by 36~41% and NOx emissions were reduced by 27~51% compared to the corresponding emissions in the ENG mode. Conclusions: The hybrid power system improved the fuel efficiency and reduced exhaust gas emissions in agricultural machinery. Lower exhaust gas emissions of the hybrid system have considerable advantages in closed work environments such as crop production facilities; therefore, agricultural machinery with less exhaust gas emissions should be commercialized. However, the high manufacturing cost and complexity of the proposed system are challenges which need to be solved in the future.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2001

회전(turning)은 보행 중 방향을 바꾸는 운동 기술(motor skill)이고, 회전 전략(turning strategy)은 회전을 완수하는데 사용되는 일반적 행동 전형(generalized movement pattern)이다. 회전에 대한 보행속도의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 이 연구의 목적은 보행속도의 돌기 전략에 대한 영향을 분석하고 보행속도의 하지 내외 회전(internal and external rotation)에 대한 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 건강한 젊은 성인 15명이 이 연구에 자발적으로 참여하였다. 맥리플렉스 측정 장치(MacReflex measurement system)가 동작 분석(motion analysis)을 위해 사용되었다. 각각의 자원자들은 보행 중 90도 왼쪽으로 회전을 10회씩 완수하였다. 각각의 시도마다 보행속도를 다르게 하기 위해서 세 가지의 다른 요구들(slow, regular, fast)이 임의적으로 주어졌고 각각의 실제 보행속도가 자원자의 무게중심 변화에 따라 구해졌고 요구별 평균이 구해졌다. 회전 안쪽 발의 스핀(in side foot spin)은 보행속도가 증가함에 따라 증가했지만, 회전 바깥쪽 발의 스핀(out side foot spin)은 보행속도와 상관이 없었다. 하지의 내외 회전은 보행속도와는 상관이 없었지만, 같은쪽 발의 스핀과는 역관계가 있었다. 회전은 발 스핀이 있는 돌기와 발 스핀이 없는 돌기로 구분되는 것이 합당한 듯 하다. 제한된 시간과 공간 내에서 스핀은 보행속도가 빨라질수록 몸의 전방 운동량(forward momentum)에서 몸의 전방 운동량(forward momentum)으로의 전환이 스핀이 없는 회전 시보다 효율적이다. 고관절의 내외 회전 근육들은 회전전략에 상관없이 회전되는 동안 몸의 역학(body mechanics)을 조절하는데 중요한 역할을 맡고 있는 것으로 보인다. 앞으로 회전 시 몸의 생체 역학적 그리고 신경 근육적 기전들(biomechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms)을 밝히는 연구들이 필요하다.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.21-27
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to compare core muscle activities with and without the use of Pilates resistive equipment during bridging exercises and to investigate the efficacy of a Pilates device. Fourteen healthy individuals (6 males, 8 females) between 20 to 26 years of age were examined. They were engaged in a bridging exercise with and without a magic circle. Three consecutive repetitions of each exercise were performed. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to measure the electrical activities of the right side internal oblique, the adductor longus, the multifidus, and the gluteus maximus muscles. Normalized EMG activities were compared using a paired t-test and the level of significance was set at =.05. The results showed that the EMG activities of the internal oblique (p=.0078), the adductor longus (p=.0007), and the gluteus maximus (p=.0001) muscles were significantly higher when using the magic circle during the Pilates bridging exercise. Also, statistically significant change existed in the multifidus muscle (p=.0106). The bridging exercise, combined with hip adduction using the magic circle, may enhance core stabilization. Therefore, using a magic circle during hip adduction combined with bridging exercise may be recommended usefully for individuals wanting to strength the core muscles. Further research is needed to access the nature of motor control of the Pilates mat exercises and to deliver exercise intervention for lower back pain patients.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.136-152
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to summarize trends and status of nursing research utilizing experimental designs in the Journal of Rheumatology Health over the past 10 years. Method: The Journal of Rheumatology Health published 37 experimental research articles between 1994 and 2004. These articles were included in a retrospective descriptive analysis. A checklist was utilized for data collection. Results: Qoasi-experimental researches were more frequent than pre-experimental research, but there were 8 research studies which had no hypothesis. The most frequently used nursing interventions were exercise/movement, and cognitive, followed by sensitive, and social interventions. There were very few research studies that used random assignment for internal validity. The rate of effectiveness of self-help interventions was lower than socio-psychological, cognitive, or motor-physical interventions. There was no research regarding families of patients with rheumatoid disease. Conclusion: Rigorous experimental research design is needed for internal and external validity in future research. Generalizing the effects of nursing interventions that are the results of rigorous experimental designs will contribute to promote the quality of life of patients with rheumatism and their families.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.447-452
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• 2015

A hybrid power system was developed for agricultural machines with a 20kW output capacity, and it was attached to a multi-purpose cultivator to improve the performance of the cultivator. The hybrid system combined heterogeneous sources: an internal-combustion engine and an electric power motor. In addition, a power splitter was developed to simplify the power transmission structure. The cultivator using a hybrid system was designed to have increased fuel efficiency and output power and reduced exhaust gas emissions, while maintaining the functions of existing cultivators. The fuel consumption for driving the cultivator in the hybrid engine vehicle (HEV) mode was 341g/kWh, which was 36% less than the consumption in the engine (ENG) mode for the same load. The maximum power take off output of the hybrid power system was 12.7kW, which was 38% more than the output of the internal-combustion engine. In the HEV mode, harmful exhaust gas emissions were reduced; i.e., CO emissions were reduced by 36~41% and NOx emissions were reduced by 27~51% compared to the corresponding emissions in the ENG mode. The hybrid power system improved the fuel efficiency and reduced exhaust gas emissions in agricultural machinery. The hybrid system's lower exhaust gas emissions have considerable advantages in closed work environments such as crop production facilities. Therefore, agricultural machinery with less exhaust gas emissions should be commercialized.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to find any correlations among Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Tone Assessment Scale (TAS), Motor Assessment Scale-Gait (MAS-G), Fugl Meyer-Balance (FM-B), and to predict MBI from subscales of the PASS. The subjects were 41 stroke patients of the Korea National Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The main outcome measures were postural control (PASS), gait (MAS-G), Balance (FM-B), Tone (TAS), ADL (MBI). The data was analyzed using the Pearson product correlation. PASS scale was used between other clinical and instrumental indexes, multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for ADL incline, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to identify internal consistency on PASS scale. The results of this study areas follows: 1. The highest level was sitting without support, the lowest level was standing on paretic leg on PASS scale. The highest level was chair/bed transfer, the lowest level was bathing on MBI. 2. All items of the PASS, except postural tone were significantly correlated with Gait, Balance, MBI (p<.01), 3. The Internal Consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient=.85) was very high, indicating that the PASS is homogeneous and is likely to produce consistent response. Furthermore, the sums of maintaining position items and of changing-position items were strongly correlated (r=.64, p<.05) and there were significant correlations between sums of PASS, sums of maintaining position items (r=.87, p<.01), and changing-position items (r=.93, p<.01). 4. The standing without support of the PASS items was the strongest variance ($R^2$=.85) of the predicting ADL function. These findings provide strong evidence of the predictive value of the postural control on gait, Balance, ADL function in stroke patients and to can provide a reference for the successful therapeutic program and more improved functional recovery.

• International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Korean Journal of Geophysical Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-45
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• 1996

Before (March 26, 1994) or after the occurrence of a downslope windstorm (March 29), the NO, $NO_2$, and $SO_2$ at the ground level of Kangnung city were monitored with high concentrations in the afternoon, due to a large amount of gases emitted from combustion of motor vehicle and heating apparatus, especially near 1600-1800 LST and 2000-2100 LST, but at night, they had low concentrations, resulting from small consumptions of vehicle and heating fuels. When both moderate westerly synoptic-scale winds flow over Mt. Taegwallyang and easterly meso-scale sea breeze during the day, atmospheric pollutants should be trapped by two different wind systems, resulting in higher concentration at Kangnung city in the afternoon. At night, the association of westerly synoptic wind and land breeze can produce relatively strong winds and the dissipation by the winds cause these low concentrations to lower and lower, as nightime goes on. From March 27 through 28, an enforced localized windstorm could be produced along the lee side of the mountain near Kangnung, generating westerly internal gravity waves with hydraulic jump motions. Sea breeze toward inland appartantly confines to the bottom of the eastern side of the mountain, due to the interruption of eastward violent internal gravity waves. As the windstorm moves down toward the ground, an encountering point of two opposite winds approaches Kangnung, and a great amount of NO and $NO_2$ were removed by the strong surface winds. Thus, their maximum concentrations are found to be near 18 and 20 LST, 17 and 21 LST. In the nighttime, the more developed storm should produce very strong surface winds and the NO and $NO_2$ could be easily dissipated into other place. The $SO_2$ concentration had no maximum value, that is, almost constant one all day long, due to its removal by the strong surface winds. Especially, the CO concentrations were slightly lower during the strom period than both before or after the strom, but they were nearly constant without much changes during the during the daytime and nighttime.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.119-127
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to show the effect of elastic band on balance and functional ability in chronic stroke patients living in community. Methods: The subjects who participated in the study were 9 patients with chronic stroke. One of them gave up during the study, finally 8 patients performed. The intervention was conducted once a week for 10 weeks. In this study functional reach test (FRT), timed up and go test (TUG), Tinetti performance oriented mobility assessment (Tinetti-POMA) were measured for balance. The coordination training of arms and legs using the elastic band was performed in three positions as supine, side lying, sitting. One arm performed flexion-adduction- external rotation with elbow flexion pattern and the opposite side(diagonal) leg was performed flexion-adduction-external rotation with knee flexion pattern, the other arm's pattern was extension-abduction-internal rotation with elbow extension and the opposite side (diagonal) leg was in extension-abduction-internal rotation with knee extension pattern. The training was performed in each position for 15 minutes in per position. The participants had a five minute break after each training. Results: The results are as follows. FRT and Tinetti-POMA showed significant increase statistically in each position. The TUG showed significant decrease statistically in each position. Conclusion: Even though the coordination training with elastic band had performed once a week, it showed positive effects on balance in chronic stroke patients. Therefore, if we can suggest the appropriate frequencies of coordination training of arms and legs using the elastic band, it can be a method to improve daily life and life quality to patients with chronic stroke.