• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.145-160
• /
• 2011

Objectives : Rehmannia glutinosa has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Although thorough clinical trials are lacking, Various pharmacological actions for Rehmannia glutinosa has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that reactive intermediates, potentially causing toxic effects, was isolated from one of components in Rehmannia glutinosa. In this article, it is purposed for explanation and introduction of new studies for Rehmannia glutinosa in terms of pharmacological action and toxicology. Methods : New studies for Rehmannia glutinosa were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. Results and Conclusions : Rhmannia glutinosa and its components including iridoids, saccharides, as well as amino acid, showed a variety of pharmacological actions on the blood system, immune system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system and the nervous system. In addition, it was identified that aucubin, one of major components of Rhmannia glutinosa was biotransformed to reactive intermediates by ${\beta}$-glycosidase and acid-hydrolysis, resulting in forming aucubigenin- albumin adduct. Even if a lot of new pharmacological actions has been identified, it should be considered for Rhmannia glutinosa to contain the material producing reactive intermediates which may induce the side effects.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 2002

The structural and functional aspects of ervatamin B were studied in solution. Ervatamin B belongs to the $\alpha+\beta$ class of proteins. The intrinsic fluorescence emission maximum of the enzyme was at 350 nm under neutral conditions, and at 355 nm under denaturing conditions. Between pH 1.0-2.5 the enzyme exists in a partially unfolded state with minimum or no tertiary structure, and no proteolytic activity. At still lower pH, the enzyme regains substantial secondary structure, which is predominantly $\beta$-sheet conformation and shows a strong binding to 8-anilino-1-napthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS). In the presence of salt, the enzyme attains a similar state directly from the native state. Under neutral conditions, the enzyme was stable in urea, while the guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) induced equilibrium unfolding was cooperative. The GuHCl induced unfolding transition curves at pH 3.0 and 4.0 were non-coincidental, indicating the presence of intermediates in the unfolding pathway. This was substantiated by strong ANS binding that was observed at low concentrations of GuHCl at both pH 3.0 and 4.0. The urea induced transition curves at pH 3.0 were, however, coincidental, but non-cooperative. This indicates that the different structural units of the enzyme unfold in steps through intermediates. This observation is further supported by two emission maxima in ANS binding assay during urea denaturation. Hence, denaturant induced equilibrium unfolding pathway of ervatamin B, which differs from the acid induced unfolding pathway, is not a simple two-state transition but involves intermediates which probably accumulate at different stages of protein folding and hence adds a new dimension to the unfolding pathway of plant proteases of the papain superfamily.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.136-141
• /
• 2005

The capability of utilizing a TCA cycle intermediates as the sole carbon source by the multi-vitamin auxotrophic yeast Torulopsis glabrata CCTCC M202019 was demonstrated with plate count method. It is indicated that T. glabrata could grew on a medium with one of the TCA cycle intermediates as the sole carbon source, but more colonies were observed when glucose, acetate and one of the TCA cycle intermediates coexisted in the medium. Among the intermediates of the TCA cycle examined in this study, cell growth was improved by supplementing oxaloacetate. Further investigation showed that the presence of acetate was necessary when oxaloacetate was supplemented. By supplementing with 10 g/L of oxaloacetate in pyruvate batch fermentation, dry cell weight increased from 11.8 g/L to 13.6 g/L, and pyruvate productivity was enhanced from $0.96\;gL^{-1}h^{-1}\;to\;1.19 gL^{-1}h^{-1}$ after cultivation of 56 h. The yield of pyruvate to glucose was also improved from 0.63 g/g to 0.66 g/g. These results indicate that under vitamins limitation, the productivity and yield of pyruvate could be enhanced via an increase of cell growth by the supplementation of oxaloacetate.

• 환경위생공학
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2001

The catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were benzene and toluene, was studied in the supercritical carbon dioxide($SC-CO_2$) media. In $SC-CO_2$ media, the deep oxidation conversion of VOCs was increased with the temperature and pressure. The deep oxidation conversion in SC -$CO_2$ media is better than that in air media at same pressure condition. This can be explained by the solubility of VOCs in $SC-CO_2$. The many intermediates produced by the partial oxidation of VOCs were detected from off-line samples. The intermediates were Identified as benzene, toluene, benzaldehyde, phenol, naphthalene, 1,1`-biphenyl, benzoic acid, 3-methylphenol, 1,1'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis- benzene, 1,1'-(1,2-ethene- diyl)bis-benzene, anthracene, and so on. The amount of intermediates was decreased as the molar radio of oxygen to carbon dioxide was decreased. When the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide was 1 : 16, the deep conversion was kept constant. Thus, the catalytic oxidation process in $SC-CO_2$ media can be combined on-line with supercritical fluid extraction of environmental matrices and supercritical regeneration of used adsorbent. Thus, the nontoxic $SC-CO_2$ media process was suggested as the new VOCs control technology.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.246-261
• /
• 1996

현재 사용되고 있는 유기합성 농약의 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있는 유기인계 농약의 대부분은 분자에 황 원자를 포함하고 있으며 환경이나 생체 내에서 대사되어 활성화 되거나 무독화 된다. 이에 관련된 다양한 반응 중 산화반응이 주요 대사반응으로 여겨지는데 이산화대사에 의해 생성된 대사물의 특성도 중요하거니와 반응 중 생성되는 반응성 중간체에 대한 연구는 대사반응의 경로 및 기작 구명에 필수적이고 농약의 독성학적 특성을 이해하는 데에 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 본 총설은 유기인계 농약을 중심으로 관련 유기인 화합물을 대상으로 산화대사 반응 중 생성되는 반응성 중간체에 대한 연구들을 그 구조구명과 반응 기작면에서 다루었다.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 1999

Okbyungpoongsan(OBPS) has long been known to have anti-allergic effect. In order to evaluate the influence on innate and specific immune response, the effects of OBPS on vascular permeability. hypersensitivities and phagocytic functions were measured. As the results, OBPS increased phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo. But OBPS depressed formation of reactive oxygen intermediates(ROI) in vitro and in vivo, while the drug enhanced generation macrophages. Foot pad swelling in the mouse and contact hypersensitivity against dinitroflouorobenzene were decreased. OBPS had no effect on NK cells. But OBPS decreased vascular permeability induced by histamine without statistical significance. These results demonstrate that OBPS suppresses hypersensitivity reactions without affecting phagocytic functions and formation of ROI from macrophages. It also means that OBPS acts as a effective inducer to synthesis of nitric oxide which is effective for the infectious disease while it does damage to tissue less as it suppresses ROI, So we can conclude that OBPS could be used for the treatment of the disease related with immune function.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제25권7호
• /
• pp.905-916
• /
• 2016

The characteristics of phenol removal and $UV_{254}$ matters variance were investigated and compared by the variation of operating factors (NaCl concentration, air flow rate, initial phenol concentration) in electrochemical reaction (ER) and dielectric barrier discharge plasma reaction (DBDPR), respectively. The phenol removal rate was shown as $1^{st}$ order both in ER and DBDPR. Also, the absorbance of $UV_{254}$ matters which means aromatic intermediates was analyzed to investigate the complete phenol degradation process. In ER, the phenol degradation and aromatic intermediates production rates increased by the increase of NaCl concentration. However, in DBDPR, the variation of NaCl concentration had no effect on the degradation of phenol and $UV_{254}$ matters. Air flow rate had a little effect on the removal of phenol and the variation of $UV_{254}$ matters in ER. The phenol removal rate in ER was a little higher than that in DBDPR. The produced $H_2O_2$ and $O_3$ amounts in ER were 2 times and 10 times higher than those in DBDPR. The chlorine intermediates ($ClO_2$ and free chlorine) were produced in ER, however, they were not produced in DBDPR.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2011

Objectives : Angelica sinensis has been used extensively in Korean traditional medicine. Although thorough clinical trials are lacking, Various pharmacological actions for Angelica sinensis has been identified newly using animal models. In addition, it was reported that reactive intermediates, potentially causing toxic effects, was isolated from components in Angelica sinensis. In this article, it was purposed for explanation and introduction of new studies for Angelica sinensis. in terms of Pharmacological action and Toxicity. Methods : New studies for Angelica sinensis were reviewed and summarized in terms of pharmacological action and toxicity. Results and Conclusions : Angelica sinensis and its components including phthalide, phthalide dimers, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, ligustilide와 butylidenephthalide as well as organic acid showed a variety of pharmacological actions on uterine, cardiovascular system and immune system. In addition, it was identified that three components of such as ligustilide, caffeic acid and safrole was biotransformed to reactive intermediates causing possibly toxicity.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2000

Hydroxybenzoic acids are the most important intermediates in the degradative pathways of various aromatic compounds. Microorganisms catabolize aromatic compounds by converting them to hydroxylated intermediates and then cleave the benzene nucleus with ring dioxygenases. Hydroxylation of the benzene nucleus of an aromatic compound is an essential step for the initiation and subsequent disintegration of the benzene ring. The incorporation of two hydroxyl groups is essential for the labilization of the benzene nucleus. Monohydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydrosybenzoic acid, opr pyrocattechuic acid that are susceptible for subsequent oxygenative cleavage of the benzene ring. These terminal aromatic intermediates are further degraded to cellular components through ortho-and/or meta-cleavage pathways and finally lead to the formation of constituents of the TCA cycle. Many groups of microorganisms have been isolated as degraders of hydroxybenzoic acids with diverse drgradative routes and specific enzymes involved in their metabolic pahtway. Various microorganisms carry out unusual non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids and convert them to respective phenols which have been documented. Futher, Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. are the most ubiquitous microorganisms, being the principal components of microflora of most soil and water enviroments.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권11호
• /
• pp.1087-1094
• /
• 2008

Diazinon은 전 세계적으로 많이 사용하고 있는 유기인계 살충제이며 특히 한국에서 많이 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 광반응과 광촉매 반응을 이용하여 diazinon의 분해에 대하여 살펴보았다. 실험의 결과, diazinon은 인공 자외선의 경우 광반응과 광촉매 반응에서 모두 효과적으로 분해되었고, 특히 광촉매 반응시 광반응보다 더 빠른 분해 효율을 보였으나, TOC는 잘 제거되지 않았다. Diazinon의 광촉매 반응에서 발생한 이온 부산물은 질소의 경우 약 40%가 NO$_3^-$로 회수되었고, 인의 경우는 5% 정도만이 PO$_4{^{3-}}$로 회수되었다. 이에 반해, SO$_4{^{2-}}$이온은 광반응의 경우는 50%, 광촉매 반응의 경우 100%의 회수율을 보였다. 광반응이나 광촉매 반응에 의해서 diazinon의 이온성 부산물의 회수율과 TOC의 분해율이 낮은 이유는 반응에 의한 유기부산물의 생성을 의미한다. 이의 확인을 위한 GC/MS와 LC/MS의 분석 결과 diazinon의 광반응 및 광촉매 반응에 의한 부산물로 diazoxon과 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy pyrimidine (IMP)이 유기 부산물로 확인되었다. 광촉매 반응에 의하여 처리된 용액의 잔류독성을 평가하기 위하여 D. magna를 이용하여 처리수의 급성 독성을 알아본 결과, 초기 diazinon의 EC$_{50}$값은 69.6%, 광촉매 반응에 의한 180분 후의 처리수에서는 13.2%로 오히려 독성이 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었고, 최종 처리수인 360분 후의 처리수에서는 독성이 감지되지 않았다. 이는, 광촉매를 통한 처리시, 독성이 diazinon보다 큰 유기부산이 생성 되었다가 계속 반응이 진행되면서 이들 부산물도 분해되거나 무기화됨을 의미한다.