• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2003

Calretinin is thought to play roles in calcium buttering. Its site of expression has been extensively studied in the central nervous system. We previously reported (Hong et at.,2002, Neurosci. Res.,44: 325-335) calretinin expression in the superficial layers of the cat superior colliculus (SC). In the present study, we studied the distribution of calretinin in the intermediate and deep layers by immunocytochemistry. We found striking differences in calretinin immunoreactivity among the superficial, intermediate, and deep layers. In contrast to the superficial layers, the intermediate and deep layers contained many calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons. They formed two laminar tiers. The first tier, which was very distinctive, was found within the upper intermediate gray layers and formed clusters of labeled neurons in many sections. The second tier of calretinin-IR neurons was found in the deep gray layer. However, the second tier was not distinctive compared to the first tier and the labeled neurons did not form any clusters. Calretinin-IR neurons in the intermediate and deep layers varied dramatically in morphology and included vortical fusiform, pyriform, and stellate neurons. Neurons with varicose dendrites were also labeled. Most of the labeled neurons were small to medium in size. Enucleation appeared to have no effect on the distribution of calretinin immunoreactivity in the contralateral intermediate and deep layers of the SC. The results indicate that calretinin is present in various neurons, at different locations. These results should be applicable for better understanding of the functional organization of the SC.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.77-82
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• 1989

In this paper an experimental approach of the relocation plastic hinging zones of nine reinforced concrete exterior beam-column subassemblages under cyclic loads was tried. The main parameters of the testing program were location of the plastic hinge, difference of the special reinforcement, inclined or intermediate layers of longitudinal reinforcement, applied maximum shear stress. The conclusions presented herein are based on the limited texts conducted. Inclined or intermediate layers of longitudinal reinforcement and extra top and bottom steel in the beam over a specific legnth can be used to move the beam plastic hinging zone away from the column face. But, for the use of intermediate layers of longitudinal reinforcement, sheat reinforcement detail need further investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.202-207
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• 2005

We have investigated the relationship between a viscosity of the slip prepared from kaolin, quartz, $Mg(OH)_2$, etc and its influence on the speed of slip casting and the microsturcture of a sintered body. The speed of slip casting decreases as a viscosity of a slip decreases. The optimized viscosity range of a slip was found to be around $3.0\~17.0\;cP$. By careful controlling a viscosity of slip, homogeneous microstructure of outer surface layers, inner surface layers, intermediate layers, and inside layers were obtained by casting process. The specimen sintered at $1350^{\circ}C$ consists of a cordierite crystalline phase only as a constituent mineral.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 2010

$CoSb_3$-based skutterudite compounds are promising candidates as thermoelectric (TE) materials used in intermediate temperature region. In this study, sintering of $CoSb_3$ powder and joining of $CoSb_3$ to copper-molybdenum electrode have been simultaneously performed by spark plasma sintering technique. The Ti foil was used for preventing the diffusion of copper into $CoSb_3$ and the Cu : Mo = 3 : 7 Vol. ratio composition was selected by the consideration of thermal expansion coefficients. The insertion of Ti interlayer between Cu-Mo and $CoSb_3$ was effective to join $CoSb_3$ to Cu-Mo by forming an intermediate layer of $TiSb_2$ at the Ti-$CoSb_3$ boundary. However, the formation of TiSb and TiCoSb intermediate layers deteriorated the joining properties by the generation of cracks in the interface of intermediate layer/$CoSb_3$ and intermediate/intermediate layers.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of intermediate features on FER performance. To achieve this objective, intermediate features were extracted from the input images at specific layers (FM1~FM4) of the pre-trained network (Resnet-18). These extracted intermediate features and original images were used as inputs to the vision transformer (ViT), and the FER performance was compared. As a result, when using a single image as input, using intermediate features extracted from FM2 yielded the best performance (training accuracy: 94.35%, testing accuracy: 75.51%). When using the original image as input, the training accuracy was 91.32% and the testing accuracy was 74.68%. However, when combining the original image with intermediate features as input, the best FER performance was achieved by combining the original image with FM2, FM3, and FM4 (training accuracy: 97.88%, testing accuracy: 79.21%). These results imply that incorporating intermediate features alongside the original image can lead to superior performance. The findings can be referenced and utilized when designing the preprocessing stages of a deep learning model in FER. By considering the effectiveness of using intermediate features, practitioners can make informed decisions to enhance the performance of FER systems.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.458-464
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• 2006

The Pd-Ni-Ag alloy composite membrane using modified porous stainless steel (PSS) as a substrate was prepared by a electroless plating technique. In this work, we have introduced the intermediate layer between Pd-based alloy and a metal substrate. As an intermediate layer, the mixtures of nickel powder and inorganic sol such as $SiO_{2}$ sol, $Al_{2}O_{3}$ sol, and $TiO_{2}$ sol were used. The intermediate layers were coated onto a PSS substrate according to various membrane preparation conditions and then $N_{2}$ fluxes through the membranes with different intermediate layers were measured. The surface morphology of the intermediate layer in the mixture of nickel powder and inorganic sol was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the Pd-Ni-Ag alloy composite membrane using the support coated with the mixture of nickel powder and silica as an intermediate layer was fabricated and then the gas permeances for $H_{2}$ and $N_{2}$ through the Pd-based membrane were investigated. The selectivity of $H_2/N_2$ was infinite and the $H_{2}$ flux was $1.39{\times}10^{-2}mol/m^2{\cdot}s$ at the temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ and trans-membrane pressure difference of 1 bar.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

The intermediate connectors play crucial roles in the performance of tandem organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) because they are required to facilitate charge carrier transport and to guarantee transparency for light transmission and deposition compatibility. Understanding the physical properties of the intermediate connector is not only fundamentally important but is also crucial to developing high-efficiency organic devices with a tandem structure. In this study, several effective intermediate connectors in tandem OLEDs using a doped or non-doped organic p-n heterojunction were systematically investigated by studying their interfacial electronic structures and corresponding device characteristics. The working mechanisms of the intermediate connectors are discussed herein by referring to their relevant energy levels with respect to those of the neighboring organic layers. The factors affecting the operation of the intermediate connectors in tandem OLEDs, as demonstrated herein, provide guidance for the identification of new materials and device architectures for high-performance devices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.04b
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• pp.3-6
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• 2009

Aluminum nitride (AIN) thin films were deposited on a polycrystalline 3C-SiC intermediate layer by a pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering system. Characteristics of the AIN/SiC heterostructures were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The columnar structure of AIN thin films was observed by FE-SEM. The surface roughness of AlN films on the 3C-SiC buffer layer was measured using AFM. The XRD pattern of AlN films on SiC buffer layers was highly oriented at (002). Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the rocking curve near (002) reflections was $1.3^{\circ}$. The infrared absorbance spectrum indicated that the residual stress of AIN thin films grown on SiC buffer layers was nearly negligible. The 3C-SiC intermediate layers are promising for the realization of nitride based electronic and mechanical devices.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.730-733
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• 2013

In this work, buffer layers with various conditions are inserted at an n/i interface in hydrogenated amorphous silicon semitransparent solar cells. It is observed that the performance of a solar cell strongly depends on the arrangement and thickness of the buffer layer. When arranging buffer layers with various bandgaps in ascending order from the intrinsic layer to the n layer, a relatively high open circuit voltage and short circuit current are observed. In addition, the fill factors are improved, owing to an enhanced shunt resistance under every instance of the introduced n/i buffer layers. Among the various conditions during the arrangement of the buffer layers, a reverse V shape of the energy bandgap is found to be the most effective for high efficiency, which also exhibits intermediate transmittance among all samples. This is an inspiring result, enabling an independent control of the conversion efficiency and transmittance.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.196-199
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• 2004

Seedlayers with low surface energy which increases the density of nucleation sites in the initial growth region of the recording layer deposited on them was studied to reduce grain size in recording layer. The seedlayer with low surface energy was so effective to attain finer grain in magnetic upper-layers. The Ni-Fe-O intermediate layer with low surface energy was found to be effective in reduction of grain size as well as magnetic cluster size of Co-Cr-Ta-Pt recording layer. Furthermore, the reduction of grain size in Co-Cr-Ta-Pt recording layer on Ni-Fe-O intermediate layer with low surface energy led to decrease the noise level in the high recording density region.