• 무역학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.181-200
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• 2020

The Korea-Canada FTA and the EVTA have adopted cross-cumulation clauses in their rules of origin, aiming at the enhancement of the value chains among the FTA parties. In fact, intricate rules of origin are often considered as the major cause that discourages the utilization of the agreement for the exporting firms. From this perspective, the correct understanding of cross-cumulation clauses in FTAs is an urgent mission for the Korean exporters as well, and the EVTA, which has recently introduced the cross-cumulation method in a linkage with the Korea-EU FTA provides the timely motivation. This paper first analyzes the Korea-Canada FTA of 2015 as for the case study, because this is a unique trade agreement for Korea that has already adopted the cross-cumulation clauses. It is concluded that the clause is rather vague, particularly in certifying the origins of the intermediate goods from the territory of an authorized third party. From this perspective, the recently-ratified EVTA is particularly important and meaningful with its clearer explanations for the utilization of the privileged rules of origin. The paper finalizes the study by making policy suggestions to the stakeholders, expecting more future FTAs to come equipped with similar cumulative rules of origin, and implies the possibility of the modification of the current clauses in the FTA with Canada.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 중국의 한국과의 무역 재개의 다양한 시사점, 즉 무역 구조 재편, 무역 정책의 변화와 기업의 경쟁력에 미치는 영향, 양국이 무역 분쟁을 해결한 방법 등을 살펴볼 것이다. 우리는 역사적, 경제적 관점에서 중국과 한국 간 무역의 진화를 평가하고, 정책 변화가 기업의 전략을 어떻게 형성했는지 분석하며, 이러한 변화가 글로벌 경제에서 양국의 입지에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지 논의할 것이다. 이 연구를 통해 지역 경제 협력과 글로벌 경제거버넌스에 대한 더 깊은 이해와 미래 정책 결정에 대한 통찰력을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.125-140
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• 2018

품질검사는 중간상품이나 최종상품을 품질관리 표준을 만족하는 양품과 불량품으로 분리하는 일을 수행한다. 대량생산체계에서 품질을 수작업으로 검사하는 것은 일관성과 효율성을 저하시키므로 대량으로 생산되는 상품의 품질을 검사하는 것은 다수의 공정에서 기계에 의한 자동 확인과 분류를 포함하게 된다. 생산공정에서 발생하는 데이터를 활용하여 공정을 개선하고 최적화하려는 선행 연구들이 많았음에도 불구하고, 실시간에 많은 데이터를 처리하는데 있어서의 기술적인 한계로 인해 실제 구현에서의 제약이 많이 있었다. 최근 빅데이터에 관한 연구에서는 데이터 처리기술을 개선하였고, 실시간에 데이터를 수집, 처리, 분석하는 과정을 가능하게 하게 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 품질검사를 위한 빅데이터 적용의 단계와 세부사항을 제안하고, 유제품 산업에 적용 사례를 제시하려고 한다. 먼저 선행 연구들을 조사하고, 제조 부문에 적용할 수 있는 빅데이터 분석절차를 제안하며 제안된 방법의 실현가능성을 평가하기 위해서, 유제품 산업 분야의 품질검사과정 중 하나에 회선신경망(Convolutional Neural Network) 기술 및 랜덤포레스트(Random Forest) 기술을 적용하였다. 품질검사를 위해 제품의 뚜껑 및 빨대의 사진을 수집, 처리, 분석하여, 결함 여부를 판단하고, 과거 품질 검사결과와 비교하였다. 제안된 방법은 과거에 수행되었던 품질검사에 비해 분류 정확성 측면에서 의미 있는 개선을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해, 유제품 산업의 빅데이터 활용을 통한 품질검사 정확도 개선 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2016

Purpose - This study focuses on new type distribution channel that named as Omnichannel. Omnichannel is developed from Multichannel which is used in many distribution channels to buy or selling goods. Omnichannel basically needs an Information and Communications Technologies(ICT) to use, so researcher conduct a Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) to research model. Customer-brand relationship was used as dependent variable to focus on the role of Omnichannel. Research design, data, and methodology - The subject of this study is customer who purchase goods or service through omnichannel. Based on the literature from the preceding research analysis of TAM and customer-brand relationship, this study was constructed by the reference to previous studies, final research model design for figure out casual relationship among perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, omnichannel use and customer-brand relationship. From 2016 February 3 to March 17, questionnaire survey targeted customers who use online and offline channels. 273 questionnaire survey had conducted, then, 252 survey data were available for empirical analysis. Researcher provide descriptive statistics for checking generality. Cronbach's alpha value was used to check the reliability of data. Exploratory factor analysis was used for purification of values and eigenvalue checking. After EFA, Confirmatory factor analysis was used to prepare structural equation modeling with executing structural equation modeling for confirming hypothesis which developed by researcher. Results - The main results of this empirical study are as follows. First, omnichannel's perceived ease of use has positive significant effect on perceived usefulness(estimate: 0.579). Moreover, omnichannel's perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness has positive significant effect on omnichannel use(estimate: 0.325,0.648). Second, using omnichannel has positive significant effect on brand-customer relationship(estimate: 0.521). Every hypothesis adopted as researcher designed. This study found out the intermediate relationship between perceived ease of use and omnichannel use by investigating hypothesis. Conclusions - Base on the empirical result, this study confirmed that TAM theory perceived has relation with omnichannel. First, factors of TAM has positive effect on omnichannel use, so it highlights the important role of customer based interface and usefulness. Especially, perceived usefulness has high indirect influence on ease of use and use of omnichannel. It seems that when customers try to decide use or not use omnichannel, customers focus on percept benefits from omnichannel. Thus, a provider should applicate attractive price table, accurate product or service information and high switching cost strategy to emphasize the usefulness of omnichannel. Second, using omnichannel enhances the relationship between customers and brand, because there are more time and frequency to serve customers. It is important because good relationship between customers can increase the future's financial performance through word of mouse, positive brand image and loyalty to brand or company. Finally, despite of empirical result and implications, this study has limitations. First, there are only a few previous studies about omnicahnnel, so literature reviews are restricted. While set up the factors which can affect the use of omnichannel, next study should be considered with broader theories or models(ex: contingency theory). Second, omnichannel has developed from multichannel, so comparative analysis is needed between these methods because there is a possibility about different forte character of each distribution system on customer's consuming patterns.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제70권
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• pp.159-179
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• 2016

Companies do not be resolved by the FTA services of external aid should be operational by assigning dedicated personnel inside the company. FTA is a choice, not an essential trade agreement requirements. If the exporter contracts to provide a certificate of origin in trade agreements, it shall issue a certificate of origin of goods originating management is performed. When considering the future trend of spreading wide FTA, it should be extended to one year to take advantage of the FTA Certificate of Origin environments utilizing a comprehensive environment for regional countries that require proof of origin between certain countries, such as current. FTA utilization of the future is to utilize the GVC(Global Value Chain) efficiently. In other words, the expansion of the consumer market and take advantage of an efficient production base across borders. These environmental changes are needed development of the FTA utilization promotion and FTA experts. The experts studying how to procure raw materials or intermediate goods exports in a variety of regional foreign countries, to meet the rules of origin is required for a successful FTA utilization. One of the objectives of Origin managers are qualified experts in the country of origin can take advantage of the FTA plan. Therefore, managers of origin shall collect their ability to expand the understanding and information about the industry as an international business perspective beyond the Certificate of Origin. In addition, it should be in their best learning expertise for the introduction and development of country of origin control system in an effort to effectively perform its international FTA utilization. Once the FTA is more widespread in the future and build a common origin information it must not be disconnected until the export enterprises from terminal manufacturers systematically. Therefore origin management is preferred by expanding the knowledge base of teaching and learning in the common sense to the universal subject of specialization from professional schools to promote the relevant departments so that they can be opened in a college or university. An FTA hub linking East and West, also need the confidence that in order to become a center of Glabal Supply Chain Using an FTA Certificate of Origin and stable environment for importers to import products from the country offers. Certificate of Origin and all of them thoroughly exporters and companies related to the administration of origin and should create an atmosphere that can effectively respond to the origin verification. Korea shall endeavor to elicit a geopolitical value (FTA Hub), as well as securing a competitive advantage in the global industry leverage, trading at a reasonable price competitive products thereby enhancing production and economic growth through the FTA.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.175-195
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• 2023

해상운송은 개별 국가만이 아니라 세계 경제에 높은 영향력을 미치며, 글로벌가치사슬(GVSc)을 통한 분업 실현에 이바지 하고 있으며 이러한 국제분업 활동은 일상화되어 있다. 해상운송업 사이에도 국제분업을 통한 글로벌 가치사슬(GVSs)이 존재하며 국가 간 해상운송업 사이 혹은 관련 산업 사이에도 거래관계가 발생해 상호 연관구조가 긴밀한 국가들이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 아시아개발은행(ADB)에서 1년 단위로 발표하는 국제산업연관표(WIOT)을 이용하여 63개 국가 중에서 세계 30대 선박 보유국 안에 포함되면서 수상운송업의 총 산출액이 높은 14개 국가를 대상으로 수상운송업 간의 상호 연관구조를 분석하였다. 분석을 통해서 우리나라 수상운송업과 높은 연관구조를 가진 국가와 우리나라 수상운송업의 특징을 확인하였다. 분석 결과 우리나라는 투입구조에서 국산 중간재비중이 약 70%로 유럽의 주요 해운 국가 대비 국내산 이용 비율이 높았다. 하지만 2000년 이후로 꾸준히 국외 중간투입이 증가하면서 국외 산업과 연관구조가 높아졌으며, 발생하는 부가가치는 하락하였다. 줄어드는 부가가치에 비해 국내 산업으로 생산유발계수는 크게 변화가 없어 같은 금액 투자에도 국내에 미치는 경제적 영향은 줄어든 것으로 평가되어 해운산업의 부가가치를 높이기 위한 정책적인 방안이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 우리나라 수상운송업과 높은 연관구조를 가진 국가는 투입구조 상에서는 미국(USA), 배분구조에서는 싱가포르(SIN), 일본(JPN) 순으로 해당 국가의 생산활동에 높은 영향을 받는 것을 확인하였다. 생산유발계수를 통한 연관구조를 보면 우리나라 수상운송업과 높은 연관구조를 가진 국가의 수상운송업은 싱가포르(SIN)이다. 싱가포르(SIN)는 유럽 항로의 중간지역으로 우리나라 수상운송업과 상호 간에 높은 생산유발효과를 주고받는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2012

B2C형 소셜커머스는 IT기술 발달과 폐쇄형 거래형태를 개방형 형태로 변화하고 있으며 또한 중간유통을 획기적으로 줄임으로써 소비자에게 유통비용을 제거하여 파격적인 가격에 상품을 제공하고 있다. 시대의 흐름에 따라 기업 간 거래에서는 수많은 유통 채널을 통해 PRM(Product Relationship Management) 관리의 어려움과 신속하게 새로운 제품을 홍보하고 관리하는데 상대적으로 어려움을 겪고 있다. 제품을 유통 및 소비하는 기업들을 한곳에 모을 수 있는 플랫폼 제공을 통하여 B2C 기반의 소셜커머스를 롤 모델로 하여 운영 할 수 있는 플랫폼 제공이 필요하다. 또한 B2C 기반의 소셜커머스와 달리 B2B의 경우는 구매에 따른 결제 대금을 일시불로 지급하지 않고 할부 등 기간을 두고 지불하는 결제 시스템연동이 필수적인 요소이다. 본 연구에서 소개하는 B2B 거래를 위한 소셜커머스는 B2B 거래의 문제점을 해결하고 새로운 시장을 개척하여 효과적인 B2B 거래를 제공하고 관련 산업인 기업 간 전자결제 시장의 확대를 가져올 것이다. 향후 연구 분야는 본 연구에서 제안하는 모델에 대한 실증적 연구를 통해 본 제안 모델이 시장에 정착할 수 있다는 것을 연구하는 것이다.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2014

마크업은 Hall(1988)에 의해 한계비용에 대한 가격의 비율로 정의된 이후, 신케인지언들은 시장구조와 경기변동 사이의 관계를 설명하는 데에 마크업의 개념을 이용하여 왔다. 여러 문헌에서 마크업이 경기역행적임을 나타내는 이론모형이 제시되었으며, 실증증적으로 대부분의 연구는 마크업이 경제전체적으로 또는 산업별로 경기역행적임을 밝히고 있다. 또한 한국의 경우 마크업에 관한 대부분의 연구에서 분석대상은 주로 제조산업에 집중된 반면, 특히 서비스산업에서 산업구조의 특성을 밝히는 실증적 분석은 연구가 매우 저조하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 한국의 5개 서비스산업을 대상으로 마크업의 실증모형을 작성하고 직접적으로 5개의 서비스 산업의 마크업을 측정하고 마크업의 결정요인들을 자기회귀시차모형(ADL(1,1))을 이용하여 분석하였다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2019

Recently, the United States and China have declared a 25% retaliatory tariff for the partner country products of 50 billion dollar scale. "Trade war" is getting full swing. Such conflicts between economic powers may spread to Japan like the domino phenomenon following the EU (European Union) and become bigger in the global trade war. As a result, Korea has an economic system with a high degree of external dependence, and there is an expert's analysis that it will become the largest victim of the global trade war. If the WTO Dispute Settlement Authority approves this US 301 retaliation measure in the same way as the past case (US-EU hormone-treated beef imports), the United States will not import any Chinese imported products Chinese products) can be imposed. If the US launches a special 301 or super 301, which is stronger than the regular 301, then China is very likely to enforce US retaliation against it, and the trade war between the two countries could become a reality. This phenomenon is likely to have a negative impact on Korean companies. In particular, Korea, which is highly reliant on intermediate goods exports to China, is expected to suffer a great deal of damage. Therefore, Korea needs flexible response at home and abroad, it is necessary to enhance the autonomy of companies and protect export industries. Adjusting corporate tax rate as well as domestic industry height will be one way. The long-term (21 months) trade war between the United States and China has resulted in economic uncertainty. The resulting damage must be compensated. It is necessary to prepare the compensation through the economic council between countries. In the future, the punitive damage compensation system should be introduced.