• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.99-109
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• 1999

국내 일반폐기물 매립지의 경우 함수비가 높은 쓰레기의 특성으로 인하여 매립지 내부에 누적수위가 발생하는 경우가 많고 따라서 매립된 복토재와 쓰레기의 수리특성의 파악은 매우 중요하다. 폐기물 매립지의 설계시공 과정에서 매립지 하부차수재와 주변지반의 수리특성에 대해서는 많은 지반조사와 연구가 되어있으나 매립지내부 쓰레기와 복토재의 수리적특성 및 흐름거동에 대한 조사 및 해석은 국내외적으로 되어있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 국내 대표적 폐기물 매립지에 대한 현장 지반조사로부터 쓰레기와 복토재의 지반공학적 특성을 파악하고 양수시험(pumping test)과 순간충격시험(slug test)을 이용하여 매립된 쓰레기와 복토재의 수리특성을 파악하였다. 현장지반조사 결과 매립된 쓰레기의 다짐정도는 실내시험의 최대 단위중량 값을 상회하는 것으로 나타났으며 쓰레기에 의하여 덮여진 중간 저투수성 복토재는 침출수와 가스의 수직 흐름을 방해하고 있는 것으로 보여진다. 현장 양수시험과 순간충격시험의 투수계수는 상호간에 잘 일치하고 문헌에서 나타난 잘 다져진 쓰레기의 투수계수 범위에 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 1991

Arterial fraction of total hepatic blood flow was estimated by a new method, slope method, on radionuclid angiogram using $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ and was compared with that from $^{99m}Tc-Phytate$ radionuclide angiogram. This study included 11 of normal subjects, 37 of intermediate group with various liver diseases, and 25 patients with liver cirrhosis. We analyzed the datas with slope method from radionuclide angiograms and the results were compared with hepatic arterial fractions from uptake method, introduced by Lee et al. at 1986. The hepatic arterial fractions from radionuclide angiograms using $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ and $^{99m}Tc-Phytate$ were $0.32{\pm}0.09\;and\;0.31{\pm}0.11$ respectively in normal subjects, and $0.75{\pm}0.18\;and\;0.77{\pm}0.21$ respectively in patients with liver cirrhosis. The hepatic arterial fractions by the slope method was well correlated with those of the uptake method on $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ scan. There was high correlation between the hepatic arterial fractions from $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ and $^{99m}Tc-Phytate$ scans. Hepatic arterial fraction estimated by the slope method is a useful index for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and the evaluation of status of portal hypertension.

• 지질공학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2016

현재 경주 중저준위방사성폐기물 처분장(이하 '경주방폐장')에서는 2단계 표층처분시설이 계획중에 있으며, 포화대에 위치한 1단계 처분시설과는 달리 불포화대 상부에 위치하게 된다. 단열을 포함하는 불포화대의 특성상 지하수 및 용질의 대부분이 단열을 통해 이동할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 불포화 암반 매질에 대한 정밀한 해석을 위하여 단열망 연속체와 암반 매질 연속체를 구분하여 해석하는 TOUGH2 전산코드의 meshmaker 모듈의 MINC 기법을 활용하였다. TOUGH2 MINC 기법의 기존 국내 연구 사례가 미미하여 본 연구에서는 MINC를 이용한 mesh 구성 방법에 대한 절차를 개발하였으며, 단열 연속체와 암반매질 연속체의 k-field를 생성하였다. 이와 같이 생성된 도메인은 향후 이중 연속체를 기반으로 경주방폐장의 지하수 유동 및 오염물질 이동 등에 활용될 뿐만 아니라 단열이 발달한 암반에서 단열-암반매질 연결성을 고려한 단열망 유동 특성을 분석하는데 참고가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.323-336
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• 2010

We evaluated the properties of a fixed-bed column reactor for high-concentration tetrachloroethylene (PCE) removal. The anaerobic bacterium Clostridium bifermentans DPH-1 was able to dechlorinate PCE to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cDCE) via trichloroethylene (TCE) at high rates in the monoculture biofilm of an upflow fixed-bed column reactor. The first-order reaction rate of C. bifermentans DPH-1 was relatively high at $0.006\;mg\;protein^{-1}{\cdot}l{\cdot}h^{-1}$, and comparable to rates obtained by others. When we gradually raised the influent PCE concentration from $30\;{\mu}M$ to $905\;{\mu}M$, the degree of PCE dechlorination rose to over 99% during the operation period of 2,000 h. In order to maintain efficiency of transformation of PCE in this reactor system, more than 6 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) is required. The maximum volumetric dechlorination rate of PCE was determined to be $1,100\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}d^{-1}l$ of reactor $volume^{-1}$, which is relatively high compared to rates reported previously. The results of this study indicate that the PCE removal performance of this fixed-bed reactor immobilized mono-culture is comparable to that of a fixed-bed reactor mixture culture system. Furthermore, our system has the major advantage of a rapid (5 days) start-up time for the reactor. The flow characteristics of this reactor are intermediate between those of the plug-flow and complete-mix systems. Biotransformation of PCE into innocuous compounds is desirable; however, unfortunately cDCE, which is itself toxic, was the main product of PCE dechlorination in this reactor system. In order to establish a system for complete detoxification of PCE, co-immobilization of C. bifermentans DPH-1 with other bacteria that degrade cDCE aerobically or anaerobically to ethene or ethane may be effective.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2013

Four membranes were used to separate Chlorella sp. from their culture medium in cross-flow microfiltration (MF) experiments: cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose nitrate (CN), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF). It was found that the hydrophilic CA and CN membranes with a pore size of 1.2 ${\mu}m$ exhibited the best performances among all the membranes in terms of permeation flux. The hydrophobicity of each membrane material was determined by measuring the angle between the water (liquid) and membrane (solid). Contact angle measurements showed that deionized (DI) water had almost adsorbed onto the surfaces of the CA and CN membranes, which gave $0.00^{\circ}$ contact angle values. The PP and PVDF membranes were more hydrophobic, giving contact angle values of $95.97^{\circ}$ and $126.63^{\circ}$, respectively. Although the pure water flux increased with increasing pore diameter (0.8 < 1.2 < 3.0 ${\mu}m$) in hydrophilic CA and CN membranes, the best performance in term of filtration rate for filtering a microalgae suspension was attained by membranes with a pore size of 1.2 ${\mu}m$. The fouled membrane pore sizes and pore blocking were inspected using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). MF with large pore diameters was more sensitive to fouling that contributed to intermediate blocking, where the size of the membrane pores is almost equivalent to that of cells.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.1083-1095
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• 2016

The design of Prototype Gen-IV Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (PGSFR) has been developed and the validation and verification (V&V) activities to demonstrate the system performance and safety are in progress. In this paper, the current status of test activities is described briefly and significant results are discussed. The large-scale sodium thermal-hydraulic test program, Sodium Test Loop for Safety Simulation and Assessment-1 (STELLA-1), produced satisfactory results, which were used for the computer codes V&V, and the performance test results of the model pump in sodiumshowed good agreement with those in water. The second phase of the STELLA program with the integral effect tests facility, STELLA-2, is in the detailed design stage of the design process. The sodium thermal-hydraulic experiment loop for finned-tube sodium-to-air heat exchanger performance test, the intermediate heat exchanger test facility, and the test facility for the reactor flow distribution are underway. Flow characteristics test in subchannels of a wire-wrapped rod bundle has been carried out for safety analysis in the core and the dynamic characteristic test of upper internal structure has been performed for the seismic analysis model for the PGSFR. The performance tests for control rod assemblies (CRAs) have been conducted for control rod drive mechanism driving parts and drop tests of the CRA under scram condition were performed. Finally, three types of inspection sensors under development for the safe operation of the PGSFR were explained with significant results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.24.1-24.12
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of newly proposed root-end filling materials, Biodentine, Micro-Mega mineral trioxide aggregate (MM-MTA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, and Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR), in comparison with contemporary root-end filling materials, intermediate restorative material (IRM), Dyract compomer, ProRoot MTA (PMTA), and Vitrebond, using human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: Ten discs from each material were fabricated in sterile Teflon molds and 24-hour eluates were obtained from each root-end filling material in cell culture media after 1- or 3-day setting. hPDL fibroblasts were plated at a density of $5{\times}10^3/well$, and were incubated for 24 hours with 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions of eluates. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT assay. Data was statistically analysed. Apoptotic/necrotic activity of PDL cells exposed to material eluates was established by flow cytometry. Results: The Vitrebond and IRM were significantly more cytotoxic than the other root-end filling materials (p < 0.05). Those cells exposed to the Biodentine and Dyract compomer eluates showed the highest survival rates (p < 0.05), while the PMTA, MM-MTA, SDR, and PMMA groups exhibited similar cell viabilities. Three-day samples were more cytotoxic than 1-day samples (p < 0.05). Eluates from the cements at 1:1 dilution were significantly more cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Vitrebond induced cell necrosis as indicated by flow cytometry. Conclusions: This in vitro study demonstrated that Biodentine and Compomer were more biocompatible than the other root-end filling materials. Vitrebond eluate caused necrotic cell death.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2007

분리벽형 증류탑의 구조 설계를 위한 shortcut 방법으로서 기존의 Fenske-Underwood 식을 3기 일반 증류탑 배열에 확장 적용하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법으로 초기 설계 단계에서 분리벽형 증류탑의 공급단 위치, 분리벽 구간, 중간 제품 생산단의 위치를 간편하면서도 효과적으로 결정할 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 제안된 방법에 의하여 구조 설계가 이루어진 분리벽형 증류탑과 기존의 연속 2기 증류공정 간의 분리 효율을 비교하기 위해 HYSYS를 사용하여 다양한 원료 조건에 대하여 전산모사 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 제안된 분리벽형 증류탑이 기존 연속 2기 증류공정 대비 16％에서 65％까지 에너지를 절약할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 분리벽형 증류탑에 의한 분리 성능 향상 정도는 중간 비점 물질의 조성에 크게 의존하며 중간비점 조성이 우세할수록 유리함을 확인하였고, 최적 에너지 분포 영역 경향은 원료 혼합물의 ESI 값에 의하여 결정됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.547-551
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• 2015

The present study prepared molybdenum trioxide ($MoO_3$), the most important intermediate of molybdenum metal, by using a fluidized bed reactor for the thermal decomposition of ammonium molybdate (AM) in the presence of an air flow. During the process of fluidizing the sample inside the reactor, the reaction time and temperature were optimized with a close analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, the temperature level, at which the AM decomposition is completed, is very important as a primary operating parameter. The analysis of the XRD and TGA data showed that the AM decomposition is almost completed at ${\sim}350^{\circ}C$ with a reaction time of 30 min. A shorter reaction time of 10 min. required a higher reaction temperature of ${\sim}500^{\circ}C$ with the same air flow rate to complete the AM decomposition. A sharp rise in the decomposition efficiency at a temperature ranging between 320 and $350^{\circ}C$ indicated a threshold for the AM decomposition. The operating conditions determined in this study can be used for future scale-ups of the process.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.831-840
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• 2009

In order to evaluate the start-up behavior and to identify, through abnormal operation occurrences, the transient behaviors of the Sulfur Iodine(SI) process, which is a nuclear hydrogen process that is coupled to a Very High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (VHTR) through an Intermediate Heat Exchanger (IHX), a dynamic simulation of the process is necessary. Perturbation of the flow rate or temperature in the inlet streams may result in various transient states. An understanding of the dynamic behavior due to these factors is able to support the conceptual design of the secondary helium loop system associated with a hydrogen production plant. Based on the mass and energy balance sheets of an electrodialysis-embedded SI process equivalent to a 200 $MW_{th}$ VHTR and a considerable thermal pathway between the SI process and the VHTR system, a dynamic simulation of the SI process was carried out for a sulfuric acid decomposition process (Second Section) that is composed of a sulfuric acid vaporizer, a sulfuric acid decomposer, and a sulfur trioxide decomposer. The dynamic behaviors of these integrated reactors according to several anticipated scenarios are evaluated and the dominant and mild factors are observed. As for the results of the simulation, all the reactors in the sulfuric acid decomposition process approach a steady state at the same time. Temperature control of the inlet helium is strictly required rather than the flow rate control of the inlet helium to keep the steady state condition in the Second Section. On the other hand, it was revealed that the changes of the inlet helium operation conditions make a great impact on the performances of $SO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$ decomposers, but no effect on the performance of the $H_2SO_4$ vaporizer.