• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2011

In this study, we analyzed flower tea activity against oral bacteria. Lagerstroemia indica, Paeonia suffruticosa and Hemerocallis fulva showed high extract yields. Bellis perennis, Punica granatum and Cercis chinensis showed the high rates of yield by ethanol extraction. Extract yield seemed to be related to the characteristics of the specimens rather than to the solvent. Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus obrinus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia were used to investigate extracts activity against bacteria; the former two cause dental caries and the latter two cause halitosis. Cornus officinalis, L. indica, P. granatum and P.s uffruticosa showed high antibacterial activities against S. mutans. In specimens extracted with ethanol, P. suffruticosa, Camellia sinensis, Camellia japonica L. and Rosa hybrida showed high antibacterial activities. L. indica, P. granatum and C. officinalis showed high antibacterial activities against S. sobrinus. C. officinalis, P. granatum, L. indica and P. suffruticosa showed high activities for specimens extracted with ethanol. The results show that the warm extracts of C. officinalis, L. indica and P. granatum may be effective to prevent dental caries. In particular, the ethanol-based extracts of C. officinalis, P. suffruticosa and C. sinensis were effective to prevent dental caries and thus may be highly marketable. Chrysanthemum zawadskii, R. hybrida, P. granatum, C. japonica L. and Zinnia elegans showed high antibacterial activity against P.gingivalis. R. hybrida showed the highest ethanol extract activity, followed by P. suffruticosa, P. granatum, C. japonica L. and L. indica. R. hybrida, P. granatum, C. morifolium and C. japonica showed high activity against Pr.intermedia in the order named. C. zawadskii, P. granatum, L. indica, C. japonica and A. princeps showed high ethanol extract activity. Thus, the warm extracts of R. hybrida, P. granatum and C. japonica may be helpful to reduce halitosis. In addition, the ethanol-based extracts of P. granatum, C. japonica and L. indica are expected to be highly marketable as mouthwashes.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

This purpose of this study was to develop a tea with small red bean which have been known to have effect regarding anti-obesity, fatigue recovery, edema recovery, blood circulation, etc. In order to provide baseline data for small red bean tea we investigated the general components, antioxidative effect and proanthocyanidin analysis in small red beans[Phaseolus angularis W.F. Wight.]. Physicochemical analysis(pH, sugar content, salinity, turbidity), color, anti oralmicrobial activity, content of saponin and sensory test of small red bean with different boiling time in 8 minutes(SR1), 16 minutes(SR2), 24 minutes(SR3), 32 minutes(SR4), 40 minutes(SR5) was also measured. It was shown that the crude fat, carbohydrate, moisture, crude protein, crude ash content of small red bean were 1.0%, 63.9%, 12.8%, 18.7%, 3.6%. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the total phenolic compounds content and flavonoid content increased significantly (p<0.001). The results of analyzed proanthocyanidin was distinguished by characteristic UV-visible spectra with absorption maximum at 320 nm($t_R$ 7.589 min). As the boiling time(8 minutes:SR1, 16 minutes:SR2, 24 minutes:SR3, 32 minutes:SR4, 40 minutes:SR5) of small red beans increaseds, the pH significantly decreased(p<0.001). The sugar content, salinity and turbidity significantly increased(p<0.001). Moreover, Hunter L, a and b values, crude saponin also increased(p<0.001). The results of analyzed activity against oral bacteria, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a higher antibacterial activities than E. coli and S. aureus. MIC was measured that S. mutans, S. sobrinus, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis showed a lower MICs than E. coli and S. aureus. The results regarding sensory test measures, In case of color, refreshing taste and overall quality, SR3 had the highest preference overall among tested samples. In cases conceming odor and taste, SR5 had the highest preference and with regards to sweetness and saltyness, SR4 had the highest preference.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.105-112
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• 1971

The annual variation of algal vegetation at two reefs, A and 3, of Odong-do, Yeosu, was observed two times each month during the period from June 1970 to May 1971, and the results obtained are as follows : 1. The total number of the algal species occurred were 69 species, of which 12 species belong to Chlorophyceae, 17 species to Phaeophyceae and 40 species to Rhodophyceae. No significant difference was noticed in the occurrence number of algal species at the reefs observed. 2. Most species of the algal communities in each algal belt did not show seasonal variations, but the following species showed fluctuations iii cover degree : Ulva pertusa, Enteromorpha sp., Sphacelaria sp., Scytosiphon iomentaria, Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum thunber gii, Pterocladia tenuis, Amphiroa ephedrea, Carpopeltis affinis, Gigartina tenera, Polysiphonia yendoi, Chondria crassicaulis, Symphyocladia atiuscula. 3. The species occurred in each algal belt at all two reefs did not show much variations and the main species in each belt are as follows: $200\~150cm$ belt - Gloiopeltis complanata, G. furcata, Enteromorpha sp., etc. : $150\~100cm$ belt - Ulva pertusa, Chondria crassicaulis, Sargassum thunbergii, etc. ; $100\~50cm$ belt - Gigartina tenera, Pterocladia tenuis, Scytosiphcn lomentaria, Polysiphonia yendoi, etc ; Below 50cm- Sargassum sagamianum, Cystophyllum sisymbrioides, Gelidium amansii, Acresorium yendoi, Microcladia elegance, etc. 4. The species occurred below 100cm level were almost the same at A and B reefs, but those above 100cm level at the A leef were different from the B reef; th: species of the algal belt of reef A were composed of Gloiopeltis complanata, Corallina pilulifera, Chondria crassicaulis, Sargassum thunbergii, Polysiphonia yendoi, Ulva Pertusa, etc., and those of reef B were composed of Gloiopeltis complanata, G. furcata, Enteromurpha sp. and Ulva pertusa, thus the main composition of reef B was very simple. 5. According to Taniguti's classification of marin: algal com nunity, the reefs observed belong to the Gigartina intermedia-Sargassum sagaminnum association (Sargasseto-Gigartinetum Taniguti) of Myelophycus caespitosus alliance (Myelophycion Taniguti).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.23-23
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• 2018

본 연구는 참우드풀과 우드풀의 중간형으로 알려진 좀우드풀(Woodsia intermedia Tagawa)의 전엽체 증식 및 포자체 형성을 위한 기내 외 번식조건을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 실험재료는 포자를 발아시켜 획득한 전엽체를 8주 간격으로 계대배양하면서 확보하였다. 전엽체 증식에 적합한 배양조건을 탐색하고자, 전엽체 300mg을 다진 후 배지종류(Knop, 1/4, 1/2 및 1MS)와 배지구성물질(sucrose와 활성탄)의 농도를 달리하여 8주간 배양하였다. 배양실은 온도 $25{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$와 광도 $30{\pm}1.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$(16/8h)로 조절되었다. 연구결과, Knop배지에서 생체중이 2.4g으로 전엽체의 증식이 가장 왕성하였다. 한편 MS계열 배지는 농도에 관계없이 매우 저조한 증식을 보였다. Sucrose는 0.5%를 첨가한 배지에서 생체중의 증가량이 가장 컸으며, 활성탄은 첨가농도에 관계없이 유사한 증식수준을 나타냈다. 포자체 형성에 적합한 토양조건을 확인하고자, 인공토양(원예상토, 피트모스, 펄라이트 및 마사토)의 비율을 달리하여 5종류의 혼합토양을 조성하였다. 혼합토양을 사각분($7.5{\times}7.5{\times}7.5cm$)에 충진하고, 준비된 전엽체 1g을 10초간 분쇄한 다음 토양표면에 분주하여 11주간 재배하였다. 재배환경은 온도 $25{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, 광도 $43{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$(16/8h) 및 습도 $72{\pm}2.0%$로 조절되었다. 연구결과, 모든 처리구에서 포자체의 형성이 확인되었으며, 특히 원예상토와 마사토를 2:1(v:v)로 혼합한 토양에서 포트당 421.0개의 많은 포자체가 형성되었다. 다음으로 원예상토와 펄라이트를 2:1(v:v)로 혼용한 토양, 원예상토, 피트모스, 마사토를 1:1:1(v:v:v)로 혼합한 토양, 원예상토 단용, 원예상토, 피트모스, 펄라이트를 1:1:1(v:v:v)로 혼합한 토양 순으로 각 228.0, 203.3, 126.8, 91.5개 형성되었다. 따라서 좀우드풀의 포자체를 대량으로 생산하기 위해서는 원예상토와 마사토를 2:1(v:v)로 혼용한 토양에 전엽체를 분주하여 재배하는 방법이 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.645-654
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• 1995

Porphyromonas endodontalis is a black-pigmented anaerobic Gram negative rod which is associated with endodontal infections. It has been isolated from infected dental root canals and submucous abscesses of endodontal origin. DNA probe is an available alternative, offering the direct detection of a specific microorganism. Nucleic-acid probes can be off different types: whole different: whole-genomic, cloned or oligonucleotide probes. Wholegenomic probes are the most sensitive because the entire genome is used for possible hybridization sites. However, as genetically similar species of bacteria are likely to be present in specimences, cross-reactions need to be considered. Cloned probes are isolated sequences of DNA that do not show cross-reactivity and are produced in quantity by cloning in a plasmid vector. Cloned probes can approach the sensitivity found with whole-genomic probes while avoiding known cross-reacting species. Porphyromonas endodontalis ATCC 35406 (serotype $O_1K_1$) was selected in this experiment to develop specific cloned DNA probes. EcoR I-digested genomic DNA fragments of P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 were cloned into pUC18 plasmid vector. From the E. coli transformed with the recombinant plasmid 4 clones were selected to be tested as specific DNA probes. Restriction-digested whole-genomic DNAs prepared from P. gingivalis 38(serotype a), W50(serotype b), A7A1-28(serotype C), P. intermedia 9336(serotype b), G8-9K-3(serotype C), P. endodontalis ATCC 35406(serotype $O_1K_1$), A. a Y4(serotype b), 75(serotype a), 67(serotype c), were each seperated on agarose gel electrophoresis, blotted on nylon membranes, and were hybridized with digoxigenin-dUTP labeled probe. The results were as follows: 1. Three clones of 1.6kb(probe e), 1.6kb(probe f), and 0.9kb(probe h) in size, were obtained. These clones were identified to be a part of the genomic DNA of P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 judging from their specific hybridization to the genomic DNA fragments of their own size on Southern blot. 2. The clones of 4.9kb(probe i) was identified to be a part of the genomic DNA of P. endodontalis ATCC 35406. but not to specific for itself. It was hybridized to P. gingivalis A7A1-28, P. intermedia G89K-3.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 2017

Objectives: Dental plaque emits red fluorescence under a visible blue light near the ultra-violet end of the light spectrum. The fluorescence characteristics of each microorganism have been reported in several studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in red fluorescence of oral microorganisms that is affected by blood in the culture media. Methods: The gram-positive Actinomyces naeslundii (AN, KCTC 5525) and Lactobacillus casei (LC, KCTC 3109) and gram negative Prevotella intermedia (PI, KCTC 3692) that are known to emit red fluorescence were used in this study. Each bacterium was activated in broth and cultivated in different agar media at $37^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Tryptic soy agar with hemin and vitamin $K_3$ (TSA), TSA with sheep blood (TSAB), basal medium mucin (BMM) medium, and BMM with sheep blood (BMMB) were used in this study. Fluorescence due to bacterial growth was observed under 405-nm wavelength blue light using the quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) device. The red, green, and blue fluorescence values of colonies were obtained using image-analysis software and the red to green ratio (R/G value) and red to total RGB ratio (R/RGB value) were calculated for quantitative comparison. Results: The QLF-D images of the AN, LC, and PI colonies showed red fluorescence in all media, but the fluorescence of all bacteria was reduced in TSA and BMM media, compared with in TSAB and BMMB media. Both the R/G and the R/RGB values of all bacteria were significantly reduced in growth media without blood (P<0.001). Conclusions: Based on this in vitro study, it can be concluded that red fluorescence of oral bacteria can be affected by growth components, especially blood. Blood-containing medium could be a significant factor influencing red fluorescence of oral bacteria. It can be further hypothesized that bleeding in the oral cavity can increase the red fluorescence of dental plaque.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2018

Samples of Laru (a fermentation starter) obtained from the upper part of Borneo Island were analyzed for their lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and fungal diversity using both a culture-independent method (PCR-DGGE) and culture-dependent methods (SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS). Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus brevis, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, Hyphopichia burtonii, and Kodamaea ohmeri were detected by all three methods. In addition, Weissella cibaria, Weissella paramesenteroides, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Rhizopus oryzae/Amylomyces rouxii, Mucor indicus, and Candida intermedia were detected by PCR-DGGE. In contrast, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pichia anomala, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida orthopsilosis were detected only by the culture-dependent methods. Our results indicate that the culture-independent method can be used to determine whether multiple laru samples originated from the same manufacturing region; however, using the culture-independent and the two culture-dependent approaches in combination provides a more comprehensive overview of the laru microbiota.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 1975

The seasonal variations of the marine algal community were detected with quadrat method during May, 1974-May, 1975 at several stations in the Kwang Yang Bay. Considering the environmental factors such as salinity and water current, etc., and algal vegetation, the Bay was divided into 3 sections; Section I-Myodo and the adjacent area; Section II-Eomnamuseom and the adjacent area; Section III-inlet of the Bay from Odongdo, Yeosu. The dominant species, shown by 5-grades coverage and bimonthly investigations, appear in the order of Sargassum thunbergii(Jan.)>Chondria crassicaulis (Mar.)>Ulva pertusa(May)>U. pertusa (July)>U. pertusa and Gigartina intermedia(Sept.)> Sarg. thunbergii and Gelidium pusillum (Nov.) in Section I, and Sargassum thunbergii(Jan.)>Ulva pertusa and Hizikia fusiforme (Mar.)>U. pertusa and Sarg. thunbergii(May)>Chondria crassicaulis (Sept.)>Ch. crassicaulis (Nov.) in Section II. The members such as Srgassum thunbergii, Gelidium pusillum, G. divaricatum, Hizikia fusiforme, Carpopeltis affinis, and Chondria crassicaulis show the most luxuriant period of growth in winter (Nov.-Mar.), while Ulva pertusa shows the period in May. However, considering the dry weight of total vegetation, the most luxuriant period apperas in May and the poorest one in July. The total dry weight of the vegetation in Section II is about 3.2 times more than the one in Section I.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.1687-1697
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• 2007

Paik Nam-June is known as a Video Artist. Video is a presentation tool with the feature of recordability. However, it is not only a video which has been applied as an art presentation tool by him. Nevertheless, the existing researches fail to notice the aesthetic concept which is shown as the rest contents or forms, as they focus on the media features of Paik Nam-June's video. Therefore, this article aims at contemplating the art world of Paik Nam-June with its contents as 'visualization of music' and its form as 'hypermediacy' Therefore, 1. Sound is shown as the visualization of music, with the direct influence of absolute hollowness and noise of John Cage, originated from Zen Buddhism, while the foundation of it is known to be from the liberation of dissonance of Arnold Schoenberg and creative impromptu of shamanic sound. 2. The from of TVs influence of the orchestra, originated from Culture of a dining table in Korean. and indicated hypermediacy 3. Paik Nam-June indicated 'Text-interpretation' us to text analytics of 'how to read', rather than the question of 'what to tell' by intermedia as the visualization of music & hypermediacy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.133-137
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• 2001

Acetanilide is a High Production Volume Chemical, which is produced about 2,300 tons/year in Korea as of 1998 survey. Most is used as an intermediate for synthesis of pharmaceuticals and dyes and the chemical is one of seven chemicals of which human and environmental risks are being assessed by National Institute of Environmental Research under the frame of OECD SIDS program. The chemical is water soluble (4 g/1 at 20$\^{C}$) and readily biodegradable (68.7％). Partition coefficiency (Log Pow) is 1.16 at 23$\^{C}$ so that the chemical has a low potential for bioaccumulation. The acute toxicities of algae, daphnia and fish are not high. The 72 hr-EｂC50 of algae is 13.5 mg/1,48 hr-EC50 of daphnia is over 100 mg/1 and 96 hr-LC50 of Oryzias latipes is over 100mg/1. Regarding the exposure, levels in air, water, soil or sediment have not been monitored or estimated so that risk evaluation of acetanilide was not possible. In this study, distribution of the chemical among environmental media was estimated using EQC model based on the chemical-physical properties. In Level I and IIof which the chemical are hypothesized in equilibrium and no transfer through the media, more than 98％ of acetanilide are estimated to be distributed in water. However, in Level Ⅲ of which non-equilibrium and intermedia transfer could be occurred, the chemical is estimated to distributed to soil as 51.8％ and water as 47.8％ as of total amount.