• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.12-30
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of SMG on the in vitro and in vivo inflammatory reactions. In experiment I, in vitro tests, ethanol extract of SMG showed potent radical scavenging activity tested by DPPH(I,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hyrazyl) method and inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expressions of interleukin-1${\beta}$, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (above 50$\%$ at a concentration of 50㎍／㎖) by the macrophage RAW 246.7 cells. Among the herbal ingredients of SMG, ethanol extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza glabra showed potent radical scavenging activity. And Glycyrrhiza glabra and Scutellaria baicalensis showed potent inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production. Especially, ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis inhibited the gene expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$. In cyclooxygenase-2 assay, Scutellaria baicalensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra showed the potent inhibition of prostaglandin E2 generation. In experiment 2, in vivo tests, SMG showed inhibitory effects on vascular permeability (28.7$\%$) and leukocyte migration (11.5$\%$). These results mean that SMG has a anti-inflammatory effects by it's inhibitory effects of leukocyte migration and vascular permeability as well as it's inhibitory effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$, and radical scavenging activity. Therefore, I expect that SMG may be used as a effective drug for treatment on inflammation.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제9권
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• pp.179-191
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• 2000

한방에서 건강골(建强骨)시키는 효능이 있는 5가지 약물(골쇄보(骨碎補), 상기생(桑寄生), 김모구척(金毛狗脊), 별갑(別甲), 법파고지(法破古紙))로 구성된 처방(CEDR로 약칭)으로 실험을 하였다. 생쥐의 calvarial osteoblast를 분리하고 배양한 후 실험을 행하였는데, 골 재흡수 인자인 PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, $TNF-\alpha$, IL-1에 자극받은 osteoblasts는 활동적인 gelatinase를 생산하므로서 collagen 용해를 증가시켰다. 암컷 생쥐의 long bone organ을 culture하여 골 재흡수를 자극하는 IL-1를 실험한 결과, IL-1은 골의 재흡수를 자극하였으며 동시에 존재해있을 때에는 뚜렷한 재흡수를 보였다. 더욱이, indomethacin과 dexamethasone이 $IL-1{\alpha}$의 투여량 증가에 대한 영향을 관찰하였을 때에는 indomethacin과 dexamethasone은 IL-1의 투여량에 대한 곡선 그래프를 오른쪽으로 이동시켰다. 시험관내에서 세포 독성에 대하여 관찰하였을 때, CEDR추출물은 $1-60{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 아무런 세포 독성이 나타나지 않았으며, 뿐만 아니라 생쥐의 두개골 세포에서는 $120{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 전혀 세포독성이 관찰되지 않았다. CEDR 추출물은 생쥐의 calvarial cells에서 PTH (5 units/ml), $IL-1{\alpha}$ (1 ng/ml), $TNF-\alpha$, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$ (20 ng/ml) 및 $IL-1{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$에 유도되는 collagen 용해를 보호하는 효과가 있었다. CEDR 추출물을 1시간동안 전처리하였을 때, 그 자체로는 세포 생존에 영향이 없었으며, collagen 용해를 증가시키지도 않았으며 전처치로 collagen 용해를 유의성있게 감소시키지도 않았다. 게다가, 추출물은 $IL-1{\alpha}$와 $IL-1{\beta}$에 의해 유도되는 collagen 용해를 방지하는 효과가 있었다. 1시간 동안 전처리로 한 결과, collagen 용해를 유의성있게 감소시켰다. 흥미로운 것은 CEDR 추출물이 gelatinase 활성과 PTH, $1,25(OH)_2D_3$, $TNF-\alpha$, $IL-1{\beta}$ 및 $IL-1{\alpha}$의 재흡수 인자에 유도되어 진행되는 활성을 억제하였으며, CEDR 전처리시에는 강력한 보호 효과를 나타내었다. CEDR 추출물은 $IL-1{\alpha}$와 $IL-1{\beta}$에 자극되는 골 재흡수를 억제하는 효과를 나타내였으며, 또한 농도를 다양하게 한 CEDR의 전처리시에는 유의성이 있었다. Indomethacin과 dexamethasone의 비 스테로이드성 항 염증 인자에 의한 IL-1에 자극받은 골 재흡수를 억제하는 정도와 현상은 CEDR 추출물을 생쥐의 두개골 배양 시스템에 적용시켜 얻은 결과와 유사하였다. 이러한 결과들로 보건데, CEDR 추출물은 임상적으로 골다공증의 치료에 매우 안정적으로 적용할 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2002

In our study, the several cytokines were determined in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Adamantiades-Behcets patients. Adamantiades-Behcets disease (ABD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder and might involve immune dysfunction. High levels of $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ indicate the activation of inflammatory reactions and immune system in ABD. Gami-Phedoc-San (GPS) is an Oriental herbal medication, which has been used in Korea for the treatment of ABD. GPS (1 mg/ ml) significantly inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, $TNF-\alpha\;and\;IL-1\beta$, compared to absence of GPS (by $50.5{\pm}1.9%$ inhibition for $TNF-\alpha$ and $106.9{\pm}16.8%$ for $IL-1\beta$). GPS also inhibited the production of $IFN-\gamma$, immunoregulatory Th1 cytokine, by $78.4{\pm}2.8%$. The inhibitory effects of GPS on cytokine secretion showed dose-dependent manner, and the pre-treatment of 1 mg/ml GPS had better effects than immunosuppressive drug for treatment of ABD, cyclosporin A. Our results suggest that GPS treatment for ABD patients might have pharmacological activity of immune and inflammatory responses through the cytokine modulation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2008

Caspase-11 has been known as a dual regulator of cytokine maturation and apoptosis. Although the role of caspase-11 under pathological conditions has been well documented, its physiological role has not been studied much. In the present study, we investigated a possible physiological function of caspase-11 during immune response. In the absence of caspase-11, immunized spleen displayed increased cellularity and abnormal germinal center structure with disrupted microarchitecture. The rate of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the immunized spleen was not changed in the caspase-11-deficient mice. Furthermore, the caspase-11-deficient peritoneal macrophages showed normal phagocytotic activity. However, caspase-11-/-splenocytes and macrophages showed defective migrating capacity. The dysregulation of cell migration did not seem to be mediated by caspase-3, interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ or interleukin-$1{\beta}$ which acts downstream of caspase-11. These results suggest that a direct regulation of immune cell migration by caspase-11 is critical for the formation of germinal center microarchitecture during immune response. However, humoral immunity in the caspase-11-deficient mice was normal, suggesting the formation of germinal center structure is not essential for the affinity maturation of the antibodies.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.152-165
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• 2008

Purpose: It is the purpose of this study to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of cheukbaekjurpihwan(CBJPH) extract on LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced inflammatory mediators in murine peritoneal macrophages. Methods: To evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of CBJPH extract, the production of cytokines(TNF-${\alpha}$(tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL(interleukin)-6, IL-12) and NO(nitric oxide) was measured in vitro and in vivo. And western blot analysis has been done to look into the mechanism. Results: CBJPH extract reduced LPS-induced NO, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, IL-12 productions in peritoneal macrophages. CBJPH extract inhibited the activation of JNK(c-Jun N-terminal kinase), but didn't inhibit the activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) such as p38, ERK1/2(extracelluar signal-regulated kinase1/2) and the degradation of $I_{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$(inhibitory kappa B-alpha) in the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. CBJPH extract suppressed LPS-induced endotoxin shock and the productions of TNF-${\alpha}$, but not of IL-6, after an oral administration of CBJPH extract Conclusion: CBJPH extract suppressed the productions of LPS-induced NO and cytokines by preventing JNK from phosphorylation, which may provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properties of CBJPH.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 천년초 분획물에 따른 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 확인하고자 80% MeOH로 추출하여, 추출물을 EtOAc Fr., n-BuOH Fr. 및 $H_2O$ Fr. 로 용매 분획하였다. 각 분획물에 대하여 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 및 ABTS radical scavenging 방법을 이용한 항산화 활성 측정 결과, 모든 분획에서 항산화 활성을 확인하였고, 그 중 OHRE 분획은 가장 높은 총 폴리페놀 함량(179.3 mg/g)을 나타내었고, $IC_{50}$ 값이 DPPH는 $77.0{\pm}1.38{\mu}g/mL$, ABTS는 $26.3{\pm}2.02{\mu}g/mL$으로 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 항염증 효과는 PMACI로 HMC-1 cells에 염증을 유발시킨 뒤 천년초 뿌리 분획물을 처리하여 TNF-$\acute{\alpha}$를 비롯해 IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-8등의 염증 매게 물질을 효과적으로 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 천년초 뿌리는 높은 항산화 활성과 및 염증 매게 물질의 생성을 억제하는 우수한 항염증 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• ALGAE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2014

In this study, four compounds isolated from the red alga Laurencia snackeyi were evaluated for their potential anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Since $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B showed the best activity it was further tested for the production of prostaglandin-$E_2$ ($PGE_2$), expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). $5{\beta}$-Hydroxypalisadin B significantly reduced the $PGE_2$ release and suppressed the iNOS and COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also significantly reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. These findings provide the first evidence of anti-inflammatory potential of $5{\beta}$-hydroxypalisadin B isolated from the red alga L. snackeyi and hence, it could be exploited as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2018

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Daegangwhal-Tang (DGHT) hot aqueous extract on production of inflammatory mediators and antioxidants in RAW 264.7 macrophage. Methods: DGHT was extracted with water, filtered, concentrated and freeze-dried to perform. Cytotoxicity of DGHT extract was performed by MTT assay. Activated macrophages were treated with varying concentrations of DGHT extract (10, 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$), and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) concentrations were measured to detect anti-oxidative effects. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1{\beta}$) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$) concentrations were also measured to detect inflammatory responses to DGHT Results: Cytotoxicity of DGHT extract at concentrations of 10, 50, 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ were not observed. NO production was significantly decreased in the DGHT hot aqueous extract $200{\mu}g/mL$ concentration group. $PGE_2$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was significantly decreased in the DGHT hot aqueous extract 100 and $200{\mu}g/mL$ concentration groups. DGHT hot aqueous extract appeared to have DPPH free radical scavenging capability at all of concentrations, but did not exceed 50%. Conclusion: These results suggest that DGHT hot aqueous extract has concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effect.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.389-399
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to identify effects of a 12 weeks Tai Chi exercise and education intervention program on HbA1C, sexual function and IL-12 (Interleukin 12), IL-4 (Interleukin 4), TNF-${\alpha}$ (Tumor Necrosis Factor) for women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study had a nonequivalent control group pretest posttest design. The participants were 64 women with diabetes recruited from an outpatient clinic of a university hospital. The Tai Chi exercise and education intervention program was provided twice a week for 12 weeks for the 32 women in the experimental group. The 32 women in the control group were maintained on basic outpatient treatment. Outcome variables were HbA1C, sexual dysfunction scores, IL-4, IL-12 and TNF-${\alpha}$. Results: The experimental group showed significantly improved HbA1C (F=3.10, p=.004), and sexual function (F=3.78, p=.001) compared to the control group. Also for the experimental group TNF-${\alpha}$ (F=-2.69, p=.004) significantly increased compared to the control group. Conclusion: Results indicate that a Tai Chi exercise and education intervention program can be utilized effectively for women with type 2 diabetes.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2008

Abnormal activation of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) probably plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). In this report, we evaluated the efficacy of curcumin, a potent $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor, in mdx mice, a mouse model of DMD. We found that it improved sarcolemmic integrity and enhanced muscle strength after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Histological analysis revealed that the structural defects of myofibrils were reduced, and biochemical analysis showed that creatine kinase (CK) activity was decreased. We also found that levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-\alpha$), interleukin-1 beta ($IL-1\beta$) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the mdx mice were decreased by curcumin administration. EMSA analysis showed that $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity was also inhibited. We thus conclude that curcumin is effective in the therapy of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice, and that the mechanism may involve inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity. Since curcumin is a non-toxic compound derived from plants, we propose that it may be useful for DMD therapy.