• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

Recently, agricultural lands have decreased sharply, which was caused by huge housing site, urbanization, land consolidation, and road construction etc. In particular, Yangju city near Seoul city has the most severe land use change in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed changes of land use, soil properties, and soil information in order to provide the basic soil information and soil management practices in this city. The area of crop cultivated land in Korea (2015) reduced by 12,090 ha compared to ones from the previous year (2014). The paddy field decreased by 25,421 ha but, upland field increased by 13,331 ha. One of the reasons for the reduction of the paddy field was converting paddy field to upland (20,916 ha) > others (3,056) > building (2,571) > public facilities (847) > idle land (217). But, reasons for increase of upland field were switching paddy to upland (20,916 ha) > land developed (634). The main reason of converting paddy field to upland was changing from rice to more profitable speciality crops or pulses. The cropland area (paddy fields, upland, orchard) of Yangju city reduced by 1,412 ha (2015/2014). The ratio of cropland area in each city reduced by 22.9% dramatically compared 2015 to 1999. The paddy fields located in alluvial plains in Yangju city were changed into upland or green house. The drainage classes of soil have been deteriorated because the flows of water were intercepted by road construction and other disturbance to water flows. In particular, paddy fields have been changed to not only upland, orchard, greenhouse cultivation but also to fallow and soil dressing on paddy in Yangju city. To analyze result of soil survey of Yangju city, 858 soil codes (soil phases) were used and the area was 105.17ha. The number of soil series increased from 60 to 65, and that of soil phase increased from 105 to 124. The largest increased area was Noegog soil series. 125.7ha of Neogog soil series was incorporated from the existing Sachon, Yecheon and Eungog soil series. The soil suitability class of paddy field in Ogjung huge housing site of Yangju city was the 4th grade for 32.6% of the area. The soil suitability classes of upland were 2nd and 3rd grade for 72.4% of the area. Farm land with high quality should be conserved by related law.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.47-51
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• 2001

There are two strategies to cope with the troubles in landfill site after closure. The first method is active in a way that the wastes are dug up and the recyclable materials are reutilized, meanwhile the materials not recyclable are incinerated in order to minimize the volume of residues to be disposed of. The second method is rather passive and defensive in a way that the source of contamination, that is, buried wastes are not treated. Instead, the transport of leaking leachate and gases generated from the wastes are intercepted and controlled. In this study, as a passive way of the efficient leachate blocking process, applicabilities of geocrete and soluble sodium silicate as a substitute to control leachate leaking from landfill sidewall were investigated. In case of compression test, the strength of mixture I (Geocrete:Sodium silicate=1:3.9 v/v) and mixture II (Geocrete:Sodium silicate=1:2.5 v/v), even after 7 days' curing was higher than the minimum allowance to tolerate the loading(5 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$). Soaking in the acid fur 4 days and 7 days respectively, the compressive strength of the specimens reduced seriously. The toxicity of geocrete is not detected through the bioassay test, once it was mixed with sodium silicate and the complex was formed. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures even after 7 days' curing was lower than the threshold limit $(1.0\times10_{-7}cm/s)$.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.28-45
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• 2004

Objectives : The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Injinchunggan-tang on $TNF-{\alpha}$ signal transmission system. Materials and Methods : We analyzed the following with quantitative RT-PCR method; the effect of Injinchunggan-tang on secretion of $TNF-\alpha$ mRNA/protein and stability, the effect on gene revelation that consists of signal transmission system (TRAIL, NIK, A20, TRADD, RAIDD, RIP TNFR-I, TNFR-II, TRAF1, TRAF2, FADD), the one on activation of p38, Erk1/2 MAPK and the rate of nuclear $NF-{\kappa}B/cytosolic\;NF-{\kappa}B$ in HepG2 cell. We also analyzed the inhibitory effect of Injinchunggan-tang on the apoptosis of HepG2 cell that $TNF-{\alpha}$ induces and the $NF-{\kappa}B$ restraint effected by transfection of $I{\kappa}B{\Delta}N$ through tryphan blue exclusion assay. Results : Injinchunggan-tang prohibits revelation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in HepG2 cell and the creation of protein. However, it has no effect on the stability of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA. While it did not have any effect on the generation of TRAIL, NIK, A20, TRADD, RAIDD and RIP genes, Injinchunggan-tang reduces the revelation of TNFR-I, TNFR-II, TRAF1, TRAF2 and FADD genes. It has been confirmed that Injinchunggan-tang restraints the revelation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA that is promoted by ethanol, acetaldehyde, lipopolysaccharide, in proportion to the treatment density and time. It activated $NF-{\kappa}B$ of HepG2 cell and promoted activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ that is occurred by $TNF-{\alpha}$. It has been observed that the restraint effect against the $TNF-{\alpha}$ inducing apoptosis is lost when it is intercepted the function of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in HepG2 cell. Conclusion: It has been confirmed that Injinchunggan-tang has restraining effect against the revelation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and mRNA that is constituent element of TNF-a signal transmission system. It also has been revealed that it restraints the activation of p38, Erk1/2 by $TNF-{\alpha}$. Through this prohibiting effect, it is inferred that it restraints signal transmission among various cells that are related to inflammation reaction. Meanwhile, Injinchunggan-tang protects liver cell from apoptosis that is caused by $TNF-{\alpha}$, by maintaining the activating function for $NF-{\kappa}B$.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.219-227
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• 1998

A solution containing $^{85}Sr$, $^{103}Ru$ and $^{134}Cs$ was applied to Chinese cabbage in a greenhouse via foliar spraying at 5 different times during its growth. Interception of the applied activity by plant showed no difference among radionuclides and increased with decreasing time interval between application and harvest. The maximum interception factor observed was 0.87. Percentages of the intercepted activity remaining in the whole leaves at harvest varied $16{\sim}58%$ for $^{85}Sr$, $15{\sim}73%$ for $^{103}Ru$ and $33{\sim}64%$ for $^{134}Cs$, with application time and those for the inner leaves (without 6 outmost leaves) varied $2{\sim}35%$, $0.4{\sim}46%$ and $14{\sim}40%$, respectively. It was demonstrated that rain plays an important role in weathering loss of the activity. Tying the upper end of the plant prior to the last application lowered interception and remaining activity in the inner leaves by factors of $3{\sim}4$. Present results can be referred to in predicting the radionuclide concentration in Chinese cabbage and deciding counter-measures at the time of an accidental release from the nuclear installation.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 2011

Cheolwon Group in the Cheolwon Basin, which lies northwest of the Gyeonggi massif, has been correlated to the Yucheon Group in the Gyeongsang Basin, but its ages and volcanic times are defined to be considerately earlier than the other one. In this study, SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages were determined from the igneous rocks in the Cheolwon Basin. The mean ages from zircons are $115.0{\pm}1.1Ma$ in rhyolite, and $111.24{\pm}0.85Ma$ and $109.1{\pm}1.1Ma$ in granite porphyry. The minimum age is 113 Ma in the Jijangbong Tuff. Such age in the rhyolite define the intrusion time of ring dykes, suggesting a caldera collapse following eruption of the Dongmakgol Tuff. Such age in the Jijangbong Tuff represent latest volcanism as postcaldera in the basin. The volcanic rocks in the basin were erupted during late Aptian, and are correlated to the Sindong Group in the Gyeongsang Basin. The plutonism in the basin occurred during $111.24{\pm}0.85Ma{\sim}109.1{\pm}1.1Ma$, following the volcanism. The age distribution of the analyzed zircons in the Jijangbong Tuff indicates the presence of foreign zircons derived from protoliths, regarding a wide span of zircon ages from Cretaceous to Jurassic, Triassic, early and late Protozoic, and Archean. The Archean age suggests the possible presence of the Archean protoliths with such age, which have not been exposed on the surface. The age distribution with wide span suggests that its vent is located in an area that several strata with different ages piled up and intercepted with some intrusives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.308-308
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• 2017

The low and unstable yield of soybean has been a major problem in Japan. Excess soil moisture conditions are one of the major factors to restrict soybean productivity. More than 80 % of soybean crops are cultivated in converted paddy fields which often have poor drainage. In central and eastern regions of Japan, the early vegetative growth of soybean tends to be restricted by the flooding damage because the early growth period is overlapped with the rainy season. Field observation shows that induced excess water stress in early vegetative stage reduces dry matter production by decreasing intercepted radiation by leaf and radiation use efficiency (RUE) (Bajgain et al., 2015). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the responses of soybean growth for excess water conditions to assess these effects on soybean productions. In this study, we aim to modify the soybean crop model (Sinclair et al., 2003) by adding the components of the restriction of leaf area development and RUE for adaptable to excess water conditions. This model was consist of five components, phenological model, leaf area development model, dry matter production model, plant nitrogen model and soil water balance model. The model structures and parameters were estimated from the data obtained from the field experiment in Tsukuba. The excess water effects on the leaf area development were modeled with consideration of decrease of blanch emergence and individual leaf expansion as a function of temperature and ground water level from pot experiments. The nitrogen fixation and nitrogen absorption from soil were assumed to be inhibited by excess water stress and the RUE was assumed to be decreasing according to the decline of leaf nitrogen concentration. The results of the modified model were better agreement with the field observations of the induced excess water stress in paddy field. By coupling the crop model and the ground water level model, it may be possible to assess the impact of excess water conditions for soybean production quantitatively.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.11
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• pp.61-86
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• 2006

Various terrorism in modern society against nation's dignitaries are constantly existing. They damage severely to the society and the nation's security, and they cause disorganizations of social and national rule orders. In order to provide the key figures' perfect protection, the threatening terroizing environment for primary leaders and the route of terrorism should be intercepted. Effective methods of these are summarized as follow. First, recent terrorism against the primary leaders are mostly assassinations, bomb attacks, and suicide bomb attacks, which terminate in a moment. Therefore, security service agents should keep in mind that protection is the best, and government's anti-terrorism agencies should develop policies and set the directions within a new paradigm to the advance anti-terrorism. Second, advance prevention activities against nation's VIP terrorism should be strengthened, such as strengthening security informational activities, constructing cooperative systems of domestic and international facilities, considering continuous system to prevent terrorism, and intensifying safety counterplans of human and material weak points. Third, international cooperative system should be set to apply economical and political sanctions to nations which support terror organizations in direct or indirect ways, and this system needs to strengthen the punishment against terrorists. Fourth, security systems to protect nation's primary leaders should complement, and developing programs for coping with the terrorism and establishing laws for anti-terrorism should be made. Also, educational training of agents who perform anti-terrorism duties should be strengthened, and scientific techniques and equipment for security should be made to protect primary leaders from terrorism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.151-156
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• 1987

The author carried out an experiment to find out the response of sea-bass, Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg) to the color lights. The experimental tank (360L$\times$50W$\times$55H cm) was set up in a dark room. Six longitudinal sections with 60 cm intervals are marked in the tank to observe the location of the fish. Water depth in the tank was kept 50 cm level. Light bulbs of 20 W at the both ends of the tank projected the light horizontally into the tank. Two different colored filters were selected from four colors of red, blue, yellow, and white, and they were placed in front of the light bulbs to make different colors of light. Light intensity were controlled by use of auxiliary filters intercepted between the bulb and the filter. The fishes were acclimatized in the dark for 50 minutes before they were employed in the experiment. Upon turning on the light, the number of fish in each section was counted 40 times in 30 second intervals, and the mean of the number of fish in each section was given as the gathering rate of the fish. The colors favourited by the fish was found in the order of blue, red, white and yellow in day time, and red, blue, yellow and white at night time. The gathering rate of fish on illumination period was not constant and fluctuated with irregularity. The difference of the gathering rate on two different colors of light was small and the difference was larger in night time then in day time.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.12
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• pp.55-63
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• 2015

Recently, terroristic threats using a radio controlled improvised explosive device (RCIED) that is remotely controlled and exploded have been increased around the world. In order to prevent the explosion of an RCIED, jamming techniques that interrupt an RCIED receiver can be used, so that the receiver can not demodulate the trigger code. Conventional jamming technique is a type of active barrage jamming that always emits the noise jamming signal for all the frequency band. However, it needs large power consumption and thus is limited in operation time for a vehicle. In order to overcome the shortage of the active barrage jamming, reactive jamming technique has drawn attention. In reactive jamming, all the frequency band is firstly scanned, and then if any trigger signal exists, one emits the jamming signal to the corresponding frequency band. Therefore, the reactive jamming is superior to the active barrage jamming in terms of power efficiency. However, a reactive jammer emits a jamming signal only after the trigger signal is intercepted, which means that the jamming signal may be late for interrupting an RCIED receiver. In this sense, it is needed to evaluate a delay in an RCIED receiver. To achieve this, we analyze the reaction time and present the simulation result for jamming performance of reactive jamming against an RCIED using mobile devices.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-187
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• 2014

Forest floor is one of most distinctive features of forest ecosystem, which provides plants and soil microbes with nutrients, and controls hydrologic condition within the floor by intercepting water during a rainfall event and evaporates back into the atmosphere. In this study rainfall interception loss by decomposed forest floor of a deciduous forest has been experimentally estimated using rainfall simulation experiments. Litter-decomposing fungi were incubated on deciduous forest floor samples for the experiment purposes. On a deciduous floor, a $4.22mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$ of rain was intercepted immediately before rain ceased. Minimum values of interception loss ranged from 1.62 to $2.41mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$, with an average of $1.87mm{\cdot}kg^{-1}{\cdot}m^2$. Mann-Whitney test showed that decomposing fungi on the forest floor influenced on rainfall interception capacity.