• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.629-633
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was designed to investigate normal domestic values for the diameter of the left main coronary artery (LCA), the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and the right coronary artery (RCA). These data are necessary to define dilatation of coronary arteries in Kawasaki disease cases. Methods : Study subjects were 43 normal healthy children whose ages ranged from 3 months to 6 years. They children visited Konkuk University hospital for echocardiograph examination between March 2005 and November 2007. Measurements of coronary arterial diameters at each branch were done by off-line analyses of recorded images. Simple regression analysis of each the measurements were performed using the body size (body surface area, etc.) as the independent variable. Results : Body surface area was significantly related to the diameters of LCA ($r^2=0.20$, P=0.0038), of LAD ($r^2=0.41$, P<0.0001), and of RCA ($r^2=0.30$, P=0.0002). In the regression model, the estimates of the y-intercept were 1.703, 1.058, and 1.007; the estimates of the regression coefficient were 0.971, 1.175, and 1.177; and the estimates of the standard deviation were 0.315, 0.221, and 0.282 with respect to the three coronary arteries. Conclusion : A the linear regression model of the diameters of three coronary arteries adjusted for body surface area was produced. With these results, the Z-score calculation of the diameter of three coronary arteries, based on normal domestic data, will be possible.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.108-115
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• 2013

This study was conducted to suggest a model to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient of single layer covering for various greenhouse conditions. There was a strong correlation between cover surface temperature and inside air temperature of greenhouse. The equations to calculate the convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients proposed by Kittas were best fitted for calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient. Because the coefficient of linear regression between the calculated and measured cover surface temperature was founded to 0.98, the slope of the straight line is 1.009 and the intercept is 0.001, the calculation model of overall heat transfer coefficient proposed by this study is acceptable. The convective heat transfer between the inner cover surface and the inside air was greater than the radiative heat transfer, and the difference increased as the wind speed rose. The convective heat transfer between the outer cover surface and the outside air was less than the radiative heat transfer for the low wind speed, but greater than for the high wind speed. The outer cover convective heat flux increased proportion to the inner cover convective heat flux linearly. The overall heat transfer coefficient increased but the cover surface temperature decreased as the wind speed increased, and the regression function was founded to be logarithmic and power function, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

A topography-precipitation relationship derived from the southern part of Korean Peninsula was applied to North Korea where climate stations are few and widely separated. Two hundred and seventy seven rain gauge stations of South Korea were classified into 8 different groups depending on the slope orientation (aspect) of the region they are located. Monthly precipitation averaged over 10 year period (1986-1995) was regressed to topographical variables of the station locations. A 'trend precipitation' for each gauge station was extracted from the precipitation surface interpolated from the monthly precipitation data of 24 standard stations of the Korea Meteorological Administration and used as a substitute for y-axis intercept of the regression equation. These regression models were applied to the corresponding regions of North Korea, which were identified by slope orientation, to obtain monthly precipitation surface for the aspect regions. 'Trend precipitation' from the 10 year data of 27 North Korean standard stations was also used in the model calculation. Output grids for each aspect region were mosaicked to form the monthly and annual precipitation surface with a 1km$\times$1km resolution for the entire territory of North Korea. Spatially averaged annual precipitation of North Korea was 938 mm with the standard deviation of 246 mm.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.457-465
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to evaluate spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients (TN, TP), organic pollution (BOD, COD), and ionic dynamics (electrical conductivity, EC) in the North Han-River, South Han-River, and merged downriver using the dataset of $1998{\sim}2007$, obtained from the MEK (Ministry of Environment, Korea). Accord. ing to interannual nutrient analysis, TN varied slightly in the North Han-River and South Han-River, but decreased in the merged downriver along with BOD. Longitudinal analysis in the water quality showed that BOD, COD, and nutrients had linear decreasing trend along the main axis of headwater-to-downriver. Concentrations of TP and TN in the North Han-River averaged $26.97{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $1.696mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, which were minimum in the three watersheds, followed by South Han-River and then the merged downriver in order. Ratios of TN:TP in the watersheds were >40 in all the sites, indicating that nitrogen may be enough for periphyton or phytoplankton growth and phosphorus may be limited partially. After the North Han-River water is merged with South Han-River, the concentrations of BOD, COD, TN, and TP were similar to the values of $S6{\sim}S7$, respectively or a little bit higher, but increased abruptly in Site M4 (Fig. 3). Thus, mean values of all the water quality parameters in the reach of $M4{\sim}M7$ sites were greater than any other sites. Seasonal data analysis indicated that BOD and EC in the downstream ($S3{\sim}S7$) was greater in the premonsoon than two seasons of the monsoon and postmonsoon, and no significant differences in BOD between the three seasons were found in the upstream ($S1{\sim}S2$). Empirical models of COD in the merged downriver was predicted ($R^2=0.87$, p>0.01, slope = 0.84, intercept = -1.28) well by EC. These results suggest that EC to be measured easily in the field may be used for estimations of nutrients and organic matter pollutions in the merged downriver and these linear models are cost-effective for the monitoring of the parameters.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.537-549
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• 2016

The grate inlets generally were installed to intercept surface runoff on the roads and intercepted flow was drained to the underground sewer system. The equation of interception flow was used to determine the size and spacing of grate inlet on the roads. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the interception capacity of grate inlet. Hydraulic experimental apparatus which can be changed with the longitudinal slopes(2, 4, 6, 8, 10%) of street, the transverse slopes(2, 4, 7, 10%), and the lengths(50, 100, 150cm) of grate inlet was installed for this study. The range of the experimental discharges were calculated with change of road lanes(2, 3, 4) and design frequencies(5, 10, 20, 30year). As the transverse slope increased, it led to the increase of interception capacity at grate inlets. The long lengths of grate inlet with direction of flow increased the interception capacity by the increase of side inflow. On the basis of the hydraulic model experiment results, the empirical equations for calculation of the interception capacity were derived with regression analysis. As a result of comparison with equations, the suggested equation of this study was estimated reasonable one for increased design frequency. Therefore, this study can suggest the basic data for design of drainage facility at road.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1632-1638
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• 2016

A study was conducted to compare the endogenous basal losses of phosphorus (EBLP) in pigs fed diets containing gelatin (GEL) or spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as protein sources and to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in SDPP. The trial was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Twelve castrated pigs with an initial body weight of 55 kg were individually allotted in metabolic crates during two 12-day periods, each with 7 days of adaptation and 5 days of total fecal collection. The beginning and the end of the collecting periods were determined according to the marker-to-marker approach, using ferric oxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were submitted to four semi-purified diets, one being a P-free diet with 30% of GEL as the protein source and three were diets with 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP respectively. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the model included the effects of period, animal and treatments; the results of the three diets with increased levels of SDPP were subjected to linear regression analysis. The intercept of the relation of between ingested P and absorbed P represented the EBLP, while the slope indicated the STTD of P in SDPP. The EBLP means obtained by P-free diet and regression method were compared with the Student t test. The EBLP were 128.95 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) and 153.63 mg/kg DMI (standard error = 77.0; p<0.06) using the P-free diet with GEL as the protein source and the regression method, obtained with diets containing increased levels of SDPP, respectively. The apparent digestibility of P was 87.9%, 94.2%, and 92.9% for the treatments containing 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP, respectively. The estimated STTD of P obtained with the linear regression was 97.4%. When the EBLP estimated by the P-free diet was used to corrected the apparent digestibility of P in diets containing SDPP, the STTD of P in SDPP was 96.9%, 98.8%, and 95.9% for 10%, 20%, and 30% SDPP, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that SDPP can replace GEL to estimate the endogenous losses of P. In addition, the STTD of P in SDPP estimated with the P-free diet was 97.2% and it was 97.4% by the regression method, utilizing SDPP.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.403-412
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• 2011

This study aims at proposing clear direction of tourism policy through analyzing the correlation between tourism resource, tourism system and activation of regional economic. A total of 283 samples were ultimately collected in survey of 300 researchers from the national and public institutes in provinces Chungchong-do and Kyungsang-do in July 2010 alone. SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 6.0 were used to test the model. Analysis showed that the more regional tourism resources have more significant effect on tourism system and tourist-attracting strategy, and that tourism system exerts influence on tourist-attracting strategy. So it was proved that the tourism policy effects meaningfully on vitalization of regional economic, and it was confirmed that the tourism system is more effective on the energization of regional economic than the tourist-attracting strategy. But the hypothesis has been rejected unexpectedly that tourist attractions have consequences for the activation of regional economic. It establishes the fact that it is useless for regional economy regardless of abundant regional tourism resources, if the tourism policy is not concretely in force. Therefore, Korean government must intercept overissue and overlapping investments on tourism development by the local government and induce qualitative growth of tourism sector through upgrading of development guidelines and the criteria for selecting tourism special zone, regional festival and cultural assets, and its continuous assessment and management. And it is desirable to enforce the connected cooperation projects between local governments and the 5+2 great-sphere economic blocs on government-level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.323-330
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• 1989

Pinass densiflora natural forests of four local forms in Korea were studies to investigate effective biomass estimation method. Dimension analysis was used and three allometric regression models, such as logWt=A+BlogD, logWt=$A+B1ogD^2H$ and 1ogWt=A+BlogD+ClogH were applied to estimate biomass, The most accurate estimation was made by the regression model of logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH where Wt is dry weight, D is diameter at breast height, and H is tree height. However, dry weights of cones and dead branches were remotely related to tree size factor, such as D and H. In the interest of practical use. generalized allometric regressions for all samples trees of four stands were computed and analysis of covariance was used to compare the allometric regressions among the four stands. Based on the test criteria applied in this study, significant differences were found in terms of error variance and regression intercept, not in terms of regression slope. These trends suggest a generalized biomass regression is not valid for accurate estimation over a range of four local form stands.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. Methods: Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O₂ consumption (VO₂), CO₂ production (VCO₂), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO₂ and VCO₂. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. Results: The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg^0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg^0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. Conclusion: The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1-27
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• 2012

Conceptualization of store image have been suggested in the past by many marketing scholars. The dominant perspective about store image is treated as the results of a multi-attribute model. Store image is expressed as a function of the salient attributes of a particular store that are evaluated. Though, there is a little confusions about what elements compose the store image, most scholars agree that merchandise, service, atmosphere, physical facilities, comfort, and location are generally accepted elements as store image. A considerable researches support that shopping can provide both hedonic and utilitarian value. Hedonic shopping value reflects the value received from fantasy and emotive aspects of shopping experience, while utilitarian shopping value reflects the acquisition of products. These two types of shopping value can affect shopping satisfaction. This study examines the relationships among stores images(store atmosphere, salespeople services, facilities, product assortment, and store location), shopping values(utilitarian shopping value and hedonic shopping value), and shopping satisfaction based on discount stores (E-Mart, Home plus, and Lotte Mart). The author hypothesized that five store image components affect shopping values, and these shopping values affect shopping satisfaction. The author focused on the roles of perceived retail crowding between these relationships. Specifically, the author hypothesized that perceived retailing crowding moderated the relationship between shopping values and shopping satisfaction. The author also hypothesized the direct effect of perceived retail crowding on shopping satisfaction. Finally, the author hypothesized that five store image components affect directly shopping satisfaction. Research model is presented in