• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.292-301
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• 2012

The rise in sea surface temperature (SST) as a global warming enhance overall typhoon activity. We assumed that there exist thermodynamic limits to intensity that apply in the absence of significant interaction between storms and their environment. The limit calculations depend on SST and atmospheric profiles of temperature and moisture. This approach do appear to provide resonable upper bounds on the intensities of observed storms and may even be useful for predicting the change in intensity over a long period time. The maximum storm intensities was estimated through the global warming scenarios from IPCC-AR4 report over the North-East Asia. The result shows stronger intensities according to scenarios for increase of carbon dioxide levels. And storm surge simulations was performed with the typhoons which were combined route of the typhoon Maemi (2003) and intensity as climate change scenarios. The maximum increase of storm surge heights was shown about 29~110 cm (36~65%) regionally. Especially at Masan, the result of simulated maximum surge height exceed the 200 years return period surge.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.617-626
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• 2018

This study aims to provide the basic data helpful for the improvement of rights and interests of radiological technologists, by understanding the current working environment and if they get the proper reward through the analysis on the perception of appropriateness of current wage and job satisfaction of radiological technologists. Survey was conducted to evaluate the perception of satisfaction with job and wage system, work intensity, necessity of the radiological technologist limit system, and turnover in accordance. The appropriate starting salary was low in case of women and non-capital area, and when the age, academic background, career, and hospital size were lower. The appropriate wage was low in case of women and non-capital area, and when the academic background and hospital size were lower. The negative perception of the necessity to change the wage system was shown in university hospitals. Regarding the work intensity, in case of women and low career, and when the age, academic background, and hospital size were higher, the work intensity was perceived as high. When the academic degree and hospital size were lower, the positive perception of the radiological technologist limit was shown. The turnover intention was high in case of women, and when the age, academic background, career, and hospital size were lower. In order to increase the job satisfaction of radiological technologists, it would be necessary to the appropriate reward and the environment where they could concentrate on work.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2008

Objective : To overcome the limit which is unaware of the herbal effects intensity of Traditional study based on "Yakdaeron(藥對論)", classification methods based on the curative effects, we aimed to express the herbal formula's effects numerically, compare one herbal formula with other herbal formulas and calculate the herbal effects and the herbal effects intensity by using conception, weight of the herbal effects. Method : We calculated the herbal effects through the proportion of each herbal quantity to whole quantity of the herbal formula and weight of the herbal effects through frequency and quantity in use on specific herbal effects field and the other herbal effects fields. We applied the weight of the herbal effects to calculating the herbal effects through the proportion of each herbal quantity to whole quantity of the herbal formula. Results : We expressed the herbal formula's effects numerically. By giving weight to the herbal effects, we found that 3-4 major effects among 4-5 major effects are ranked in 5th.

• Atmosphere
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.413-424
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• 2013

Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity is one of vital parameters in studying urban boundary layer meteorology as well as urban planning. Because the UHI intensity is defined as air temperature difference between urban and rural sites, an objective sites selection criterion is necessary for proper quantification of the spatial variations of the UHI intensity. This study quantified the UHI intensity and its spatial pattern, and then analyzed their connections with urban structure and metabolism in Seoul metropolitan area where many kinds of land use and land cover types coexist. In this study, screen-level temperature data in non-precipitation day conditions observed from 29 automatic weather stations (AWS) in Seoul were analyzed to delineate the characteristics of UHI. For quality control of the data, gap test, limit test, and step test based on guideline of World Meteorological Organization were conducted. After classifying all stations by their own local climatological properties, UHI intensity and diurnal temperature range (DTR) are calculated, and then their seasonal patterns are discussed. Maximum UHI intensity was $4.3^{\circ}C$ in autumn and minimum was $3.6^{\circ}C$ in spring. Maximum DTR appeared in autumn as $3.8^{\circ}C$, but minimum was $2.3^{\circ}C$ in summer. UHI intensity and DTR showed large variations with different local climate zones. Despite limited information on accuracy and exposure errors of the automatic weather stations, the observed data from AWS network represented theoretical UHI intensities with difference local climate zone in Seoul.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

Lots of techniques are adopted for a flame stabilization and a high-load combustion. But the techniques being used were passive control method which have to change combustor shape like pilot flame, flame stabilizer, pressure profile, etc. Active control method which is not necessary to transform its shape is employed. Acoustical excitation is broadly used for its convenience in changing frequency and intensity. Both acoustical excitation and flame stabilizers were adopted to study their relationship. So, we investigated flammability limits. Flame visualization. And mean temperature in the condition of various frequencies, intensities, and flame stabilizers. As a consequence, flammability limit were advanced in acoustically excited flame at some frequencies. Coherent structure was extended to the downstream region through acoustical excitation and a size of vortice was curtailed. Also width of recirculation zone was magnified. In addition, Effects of acoustical excitation was stood out at 25mm flame stabilizer rather than another ones.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2003

Mixture formation in the cylinder of a lean bum engine has been observed by Laser Induced Fluorescence technique. XeCl laser (308nm) was used to produce a laser sheet. 3-pentanone has been added to iso-octane fuel to produce fluorescence, the intensity of which is proportional to the concentration of the fuel. The laser sheet was introduced through the piston window and the fuel distribution in the vertical plane was observed through a side window. Comparison has been made for the cases of selected fuel injection timing as 0, 360, 405, and 450 CA. For the case of 0 and 360 CA injection, uniform fuel distribution in the combustion chamber has been obtained at the ignition time which is favorable for the high load mode. And the late injection cases, 405 and 450 CA, revealed the stratified formation of rich mixture around the spark plug. That extends the lean misfire limit and reduces cyclic variation in the low load mode.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.525-532
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• 2000

A new spectroscopic method for pesticide residues detection on agricultural products was developed. The general determination methods are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) or GC-mass spectrometry. They have provided relatively good detection limit and accuracy with complicated and time-consuming (5hrs above) procedures. In addition freshness is very important for evaluating qualities of agricultural products. This requires a simple and fast method for detection of pesticides. Reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectrometry of pesticides were tested using UV range because most of pesticides contain conjugation band in the molecular structures. Fluorescence spectrometry showed better sensitive to detect pesticide residues than did reflectance and transmittance spectrometry. Intensity and shape of fluorescence spectra showed different patterns with different structures of pesticides. Detection limit for fluorescence spectrometry was 0.1 ppm to 10 ppm depending on the structures of pesticides. Application of fluorescence spectrometry appears to be an easy method for detection of pesticide residues on agricultural products.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1097-1103
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• 1988

This paper deals with surface crack behavior and the fatigue life prediction of notched specimens using the relation between surface crack length, a, and the cycle ratio, $N/N_{f}$. From the $a-N\;/\;N_{f}$ curves, UC(the upper limit curve), LC(the lower limit curve) and MC(the middle limit curve) were assumed and utilized to predict the fatigue life and crack growth rate. The data computed from the three assumed curves were compared with the experimental data. It has been found that in the stable crack growth region ($N/N_{f}=0.3-0.8$) fatigue life can be predicted within 20% errors. Using the characteristics of $a-N\;/\;N_{f}$ curve, it is possible to predict the $da/dN-K_{max}$ curve, the $da/dN-{\Delta}K_{{\varepsilon}_t}$ curve, and the $S-N_{f}$ curve.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 2003

In 15 schools where were chosen each location (East, West, South, North, Central) of Seoul area, 9 items were measured such as thermo circumstance(temperature, relative humidity, air current, intensity of illumination) particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide being based on the school indoor environment standard. It was showed that indoor temperature, relative humidity and air movement were suitable in comparison with school indoor environment standard. Intensity of illumination was suitable in comparison with all schools, only exception 2 schools. In all investigated schools were adequate for carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, in which each indoor environment standard (10ppw, 0.25ppm/hr, 0.15ppm/hr), but in 5 schools the carbon dioxide were exceeded for standard limit 1,000ppm of Korea. Indoor concentration of dust(PM-10) induced from respiration dust the standard of Korea ($150{\mu}g/m^3$) at all schools.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2011

Experimental tests have shown that glass exhibits very different strengths when tested under biaxial and uniaxial conditions. This paper presents a study on the effects of biaxial stresses on the notional ultimate strength of glass. The study involved applying the theory of elasticity and finite element analysis of the Griffith flaw in the micro scale. The strain intensity at the tip of the critical flaw is used as the main criterion for defining the limit state of fracture in glass. A simple and robust relationship between the maximum principal stress and the uniaxial stress to cause failure of the same glass specimen has been developed. The relationship has been used for evaluating the strength values of both new and old annealed glass panels. The characteristic strength values determined in accordance with the test results based on 5% of exceedance are compared with provisions in the ASTM standard.