• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare the effects of the Graston-based massage method and microcurrent application on muscle fatigue after causing muscle fatigue of the quadriceps femoris by applying high-intensity exercise. METHODS: Study subjects (56 healthy subjects in their 20s) were randomized into a microcurrent group (MG), Graston group (GG), and control group (CG). To induce fatigue of the quadriceps femoris, the subjects performed squats 100 times without a break within about 5 minutes. Muscle fatigue was measured immediately after performing squats and 15 minutes after intervention. To measure muscle fatigue, surface electromyogram (EMG) was used to obtain and compare the median frequency. Microcurrent or Graston massage was applied to their quadriceps muscles 15 minutes after performing the squats. RESULTS: Muscle fatigue increased significantly in the vastus lateralis before and after intervention in the Graston group (p<.05), while no significant difference was observed in the rectus femoris and vastus medialis (p>.05). There were also no significant differences in the microcurrent group or the control group. CONCLUSION: Both the microcurrent group and Graston group showed a tendency for increasing median frequency values compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference except in the vastus lateralis treated with the Graston technique. Although there was no significant difference, the Graston technique could be utilized to reduce the occurrence of DOMS by preventing muscle fatigue in clinical practice or sports medicine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.301-312
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect on pulp induced by pulsed Nd : YAG laser according to the power density, irradiated time and the method of application (Non-contact vs contact) in vivo. Experiments were carried out on 90 volunteers who have sound 4 canines. Each canine was grouped by the intensity and the time of irradiation of pulsed Nd : YAG laser was measured. Mean EPT response(units) was measured at 5 min, 30 min, and 60 min after irradiation with various intensity(1.5-3W, 15-30Hz), irradiated time (1.5min, 3min), and application method (Non-contact and contact). The results were as follows: 1. 5 minutes after irradiation, the mean EPT response(units) was increased by 32 % in the non-contact method and by 35% in the contact method of application. Which showed significant difference in mean EPT response(units) compared to not-lased canine in each groups(P<0.05). 2. The mean EPT response(units) with irradiating condition according to the various laser intensity, and the irradiation time stastically did not show significant difference in each groups as time elapsed. 3. There was no significant difference between the non-contact and contact method in the mean EPT response(units). 4. The mean EPT response(units) returned to the baseline value within 30 miuntes. In regard to the above results, the analgesic effect on pulp induced by pulsed Nd : YAG laser resulted a slight increase of pulpal pain threshold, but it was not as high as to replace the role of drug analgesia as whole. This technique can be used for inducing pulpal analgesia as adjunct to other pain control methods and is needed to develop better analgesic effects.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.547-558
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• 2020

With the development of economy and construction technology, more and more bridges are built in complex mountainous areas. Accurate assessment of wind parameters is important in bridge construction at complex terrain. In order to investigate the wind characteristics in the high-altitude difference area, a complex mountain terrain model with the scale of 1:2000 was built. By using the method of wind tunnel tests, the study of wind characteristics including mean wind characteristics and turbulence characteristics was carried out. The results show: The wind direction is affected significant by the topography, the dominant wind direction is usually parallel to the river. Due to the sheltering effect of the mountain near the bridge, the wind speed and wind attack angle along the bridge are both uneven which is different from that at flat terrain. In addition, different from flat terrain, the wind attack angle is mostly negative. The wind profiles obey exponential law and logarithmic law. And the fitting coefficient is consistent with the code which means that it is feasible to use the method of wind tunnel test to simulate complex terrain. As for turbulence characteristics, the turbulence intensity is also related to the topography. Increases sheltering effect of mountain increases the degree of breaking up the large-scale vortices, thereby increasing the turbulence intensity. Also, the value of turbulence intensity ratio is different from the recommended values in the code. The conclusions of this study can provide basis for further wind resistance design of the bridge.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.89-93
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aims to develop new markers based on silicone rubber and urethane rubber to enhance visibility in low magnetic field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Methods: Four types of markers were fabricated using two different base materials. Two of the markers were composed of two different types of silicone rubber: DragonSkin™ 10 MEDIUM and BodyDouble™ SILK. The other two markers were composed of types of urethane rubber: PMC™ 780 DRY and VytaFlex™ 20. Silicone oil (KF-96 1000cs) was added to the fabricated markers. The allocated amount of oil was 20% of the weight (wt%) of each respective marker. The MR images of the markers, with and without the silicone oil, were acquired using MRIdian with a low magnetic field of 0.35 T. The signal intensities of each MR image for the markers were analyzed using ImageJ software and the visibility for each was compared. Results: The highest signal intensity was observed in VytaFlex™ 20 (279.67±3.57). Large differences in the signal intensities (e.g., 627% in relative difference between BodyDouble™ SILK and VytaFlex™ 20) among the markers were observed. However, the maximum difference between the signal intensities of the markers with the silicone oil showed only a 62% relative difference between PMC™ 780 DRY and DragonSkin™ 10 MEDIUM. An increase in the signal intensity of the markers with the silicone oil was observed in all markers. Conclusions: New markers were successfully fabricated. Among the markers, DragonSkin™ 10 MEDIUM with silicone oil showed the highest MR signal intensity.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.461-472
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• 1994

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain in-tensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X²-test was employed. The findings were as follows : 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81.5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73(90.l％). 3. Correlation coefficients between each level card of the FIPS and WBS (Weight Box Scale) were r=.52∼.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12∼l.02, P<0.22∼0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were re-lated to age(X²=8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X²=0.23, P=0.80).

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.375-381
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• 2003

Silver salt complex membranes with glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) unexpectedly showed higher propylene permeance than those with rubbery poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) where as neat PMMA is much less permeable to propylene than that of neat PBMA. Such unusual facilitated olefin transport has been systematically investigated by changing the side chain length of polymethacrylates (PMAs) from methyl, ethyl to butyl. The ab initio calculation showed almost the same electron densities of the carbonyl oxygens in the three PMAs, expecting very similar intensity of the interaction between carbonyl oxygen and silver ion. However, the interaction intensity decreases with the length of the alkyl side chain: PMMA > PEMA > PBMA according to wide angle X-ray scattering and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The difference in the interaction intensity may arise from the difference in the hydrophilicity of the three PMAs, as confirmed by the contact angle of water, which determines the concentrations of the ionic constituents of silver salts: free ion, contact ion pair and higher order ionic aggregate. However, propylene solubilities and facilitated propylene transport vary with the side chain length significantly even at the same concentration of the free ion, the most active olefin carrier, suggesting possible difference in the prohibition of the molecular access of propylene to silver ion by the side chains: the steric hindrance. Therefore, it may be concluded that both the hydrophilicity and the steric hindrance associated with the side chain length in the three PMAs are of pivotal importance in determining facilitated olefin transport through polymer/silver salt complex membranes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.2927-2936
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• 2013

In this paper, we propose a noise reduction and hole removal algorithm in order to improve the quality of depth images when they are used for creating 3D contents. In the proposed algorithm, the depth image and the corresponding color image are both used. First, an intensity image is generated by converting the RGB color space into the HSI color space. By estimating the difference of distance and depth between reference and neighbor pixels from the depth image and difference of intensity values from the color image, they are used to remove noise in the proposed algorithm. Then, the proposed hole filling method fills the detected holes with the difference of euclidean distance and intensity values between reference and neighbor pixels from the color image. Finally, we apply a parallel structure of GPGPU to the proposed algorithm to speed-up its processing time for real-time applications. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than other conventional algorithms. Especially, the proposed algorithm is more effective in reducing edge blurring effect and removing noise and holes.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2004

This study aimed to know the effects of three marine training items, swimming, rowing and yachting on pulse, lung capacity and weight. The experiment subjects were composed of ten each item and were tested for six days. The experiment groups were strictly controlled in eating time, food amount, sleeping time and training intensity. The level of training intensity was 70~80% of maximal pulse rate. In the training intensity of each item the speed was decided after examination in advance, and the trainees kept the speed during training. The contents of training were made up through enough examination. The conclusions were as follows. 1. The effect on pulse in average value showed the decrease of 1.80round/min swimming, 1.51round/min rowing, and 0.11round/min yachting, but it was not admitted as significant difference. And in average value, swimming showed the decrease of 0.26round/m than rowing and 1.69round/m than yachting. 2. The effect on lung capacity showed the increase of 66.66cc swimming, 42.97cc rowing, and 4.22cc yachting, but there was no significant difference. And the average value of swimming showed the increase of 23.66cc than rowing, and 62.44cc than yachting. 3. The effect on weight showed decrease of 3.45g in swimming, 3.24g in rowing, and 2.07g in yachting. Swimming and rowing proved to have significant difference (p<.05). And in average value, swimming showed the decrease of 1.175g than rowing, and 1.38g than yachting. On the whole, in all experiment items, pulse, lung capacity and weight, the change was in the order of swimming, rowing and yachting after experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.43-57
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• 2022

This study aims to classify forest fire-affected areas, identify forest types by the intensity of forest fire damage using multi-time Landsat-satellite images before and after forest fires and to analyze the effects of artificial restoration sites and natural restoration sites. The difference in the values of the Normalized Burned Ratio(NBR) before and after forest fire damage not only maximized the identification of forest fire affected and unaffected areas, but also quantified the intensity of forest fire damage. The index was also used to confirm that the higher the intensity of forest fire damage in all forest fire-affected areas, the higher the proportion of coniferous forests, relatively. Monitoring was conducted after forest fires through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), an index suitable for the analysis of effects by restoration type and the NDVI values for artificial restoration sites were found to no longer be higher after recovering the average NDVI prior to the forest fire. On the other hand, the natural restoration site witnessed that the average NDVI value gradually became higher than before the forest fires. The study result confirms the natural resilience of forests and these results can serve as a basis for decision-making for future restoration plans for the forest fire affected areas. Further analysis with various conditions is required to improve accuracy and utilization for the policies, in particular, spatial analysis through forest maps as well as review through site checks before and immediately after forest fires. More precise analysis on the effects of restoration will be available based on a long term monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

[Purpose] While the anti-obesity effects of exercise and capsiate are well-observed individually, the effect of exercise with capsiate intake has not been systematically explored yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether the anti-obesity effects of exercise training can be further enhanced by capsiate intake. [Methods] 8-week-old male mice were divided into 3 groups (n = 8 per group): sedentary group (SED; nontrained), exercise-trained group (EXE) and exercise-trained group with 10 mg/kg of capsiate intake (EXE+CAP). All mice were offered high-fat diet and water ad libitum. The mild-intensity treadmill training was conducted 5 times a week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, metabolism during exercise and abdominal fat weight were measured. [Results] Body weight and the rate of total abdominal fat were significantly less in EXE+CAP than in SED but not between EXE and SED. The average of respiratory exchange rate during exercise was significantly much lower in EXE+SED (p = 0.003) compared to the difference between EXE and SED (p = 0.025). Likewise, the fat oxidation during exercise was significantly much higher in EXE+SED (p = 0.016) compared to the difference between EXE and SED (p = 0.045). Then, the carbohydrate oxidation during exercise was significantly much lower in EXE+SED (p = 0.003) compared to the difference between EXE and SED (p = 0.028). [Conclusion] In conclusion, the anti-obesity functions of exercise training can be further enhanced by capsiate intake by increasing fat oxidation during exercise. Therefore, we suggest that capsiate could be a candidate supplement which can additively ameliorate obesity when combined with exercise.