• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2002

The aim of this study is to examine the diagnostic profiles and related clinical variables of children with attention and hyperactivity in psychiatric outpatient clinic. Seventy one children with age range of 5 to 14 were diagnosed by DSM-IV, and assessment battery including KEDI-WISC, KPI-C, ADS(ADHD Diagnostic System) were completed. The subjects were divided into 3 diagnostic groups：ADHD only(n=17), ADHD comorbid(n=27), Other diagnosis(n=27). The results were as follows：In ADHD comorbid group, tic disorder, developmental language disorder, borderline intellectual function, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and learning disorder were combined in descending order. Other diagnosis group consisted of tic disorder, borderline intellectual function, depression/anxiety, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, and others. There were significant differences in IQ, PIQ, and VIQ among the three groups, and ADHD only group showed higher scores of IQ and VIQ than ADHD comorbid group. On the KPI-C, there were no significant differences in all subscales among the three groups. On the visual ADS, omission error and sensitivity showed significant differences among the three groups, and ADHD comorbid group represented higher omission error and lower sensitivity than other diagnostic group. The findings indicated that the inattention and hyperactivity symptoms could be diagnosed into diverse psychiatric disorders in child psychiatry, and ADHD children with comorbidity will show more problems in academic performance and school adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2020

Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by the core symptom of chronic widespread pain, along with fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and cognitive difficulties. The etiology of fibromyalgia involves a combination of biological factors, such as genetic vulnerability, alterations in pain processing and stress response system ; psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression, anger, and perceived stress ; environmental factors, such as infections, febrile diseases, and trauma. Central sensitization, which is amplified in the process of sensory stimulation, has been emphasized as a key etiological factor, as supported by enhanced wind-up, delayed aftersensation, decreased nociceptive flexion reflex threshold and functional imaging studies. Several guidelines recommend that a multimodal approach be used to treat fibromyalgia, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, tailored to each individual, and that clinicians should provide an intellectual framework through sufficient education and emphasis on the importance of self-management. The prevalence of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and other psychiatric problems is 7-9 times higher in patients with fibromyalgia than in the general population ; moreover, the association between fibromyalgia and certain psychopathologies or sleep problems has also been suggested. Since psychiatric problems, with shared vulnerabilities and risk factors, interact with fibromyalgia bidirectionally and also affect the disease course, an integrated management approach is needed to determine the risk of comorbidities.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.238-243
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• 1995

Sleep Apnea Syndrome is characterized by hypersomnolence, snoring, and sleep apnea. The symptoms of hypothyroidism include apathy, somnolence, lethargy, personality change, and intellectual deterioration and may be related to hypothyroid-related sleep disorders. Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea may be observed in hypothyroidism. A 60-yr-old man was admitted due to hypersomnolence, snoring and generalized edema. Polysomnogram showed obstructive pattern of sleep apnea syndrome. Neck CT scan revealed narrowing of upper airway which is consistent with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Physical examination and hormonal study also disclosed the evidence of hypothyroidism. We report a case of sleep apnea syndrome due to primary hypothyroidism with review of literatures.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was aimed to promote the cooperative system of Korean and Western medicine in the dual health care system through a survey of physicians on recognition, problems and solution of the cooperative system. Methods : The research took place at Dongguk University Hospital from May 25 to 27, 2009 with 44 professors, residents, and interns employed by the hospital. Results : Of total 44 surveyed doctors, positive and moderate responses on the cooperative system between Korean and Western medicines were 40.9% and 43.2%, respectively. They scored it positive (62.5%) and moderate (31.3%) based on their experiences. These results can be supposed to represent the environment for the interdisciplinary medicine. Even in the interdisciplinary hospital of Korean and Western medicine, 68.2% of responders had no experience of the cooperative medical system. Expected interdisciplinary efficient departments were ordered rehabilitation medicine, neurology and orthopedics and associated with musculoskeletal disorders, the most frequent diseases treated by Korean traditional medicine. Conclusions : Korean and Western medical doctors, as medical personnel, intellectual persons as well as specialists, need a recognition and attitude to understand and respect each others' medicine. However, both groups also realize there are many complicated issues in the treatment of patients. It is difficult to require a change of Western doctors' perceptions and attitude toward Korean traditional medicine only with results of a survey. For the efficient cooperative system in the medical field, Korean medical doctors will need to study and consider specific problems mentioned by Western medicine.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2013

Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the association between the children's psychopathology and age, intellectual quotient, and parental psychopathology in children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: The emotional and behavioral problems of 35 children with PTSD (23 boys, 12 girls, mean age, $10.26{\pm}2.47$ years) were investigated by retrospective chart review. Their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms were also investigated. We examined the correlations between children's psychopathology and their parents' anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their age and IQ. Results: There were positive correlations between maternal trait anxiety and depression, and children's emotional problems. State and trait anxiety of children with PTSD were positively correlated with age, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were negatively correlated with age. Conclusion: Our results suggest that psychiatric manifestation of children who experienced trauma could differ according to the development stage, and the treatment of children with PTSD should involve parental education about the effect of maternal emotional states on children.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

Mental retardation is one of the major disorders covered in special care dentistry. Patients show poor oral health and are a challenge for the dentist due to lack of cooperation. Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and has been used in the dental office for many years because of its favorable properties. In this study, five patients with mental retardation were sedated with triazolam on a dental out-patient setting. Patients were administrated with 0.25 mg or 0.5 mg of triazolam on the first dose according to the patient's cooperation. Twenty minutes after the initial dose, patients received 0.25 mg of triazolam. Triazolam was administrated sublingually to one patient and orally to four patients. Hydroxyzine was also administrated to three patients in order to prevent nausea and vomiting. All patients were inhaled with 50% nitrous oxide during the sedation. Treatment time ranged from 20 minutes to 55 minutes. Two patients showed paradoxical reactions and were administrated with intramuscular injections of flumazenil. In result, depending on the range of dental treatment and level of intellectual disability, we can assume that triazolam may be beneficial for sedation in disabled patients.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2010

Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) enables the genome-wide detection of submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances with greater precision and accuracy. In most other countries, CMA is now a commonly used clinical diagnostic test, replacing conventional cytogenetics or targeted detection such as FISH or PCR-based methods. Recently, some consensus statements have proposed utilization of CMA as a first-line test in patients with multiple congenital anomalies not specific to a well-delineated genetic syndrome, developmental delay/intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorders. CMA can be used as an adjunct to conventional cytogenetics to identify chromosomal abnormalities observed in G-banding analysis in constitutional or acquired cases, leading to a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of chromosomal aberrations. Although CMA has distinct advantages, there are several limitations, including its inability to detect balanced chromosomal rearrangements and low-level mosaicism, its interpretation of copy number variants of uncertain clinical significance, and significantly higher costs. For these reasons, CMA is not currently a replacement for conventional cytogenetics in prenatal diagnosis. In clinical applications of CMA, knowledge and experience based on genetics and cytogenetics are required for data analysis and interpretation, and appropriate follow-up with genetic counseling is recommended.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2021

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to systematically review the studies on the effects of social story intervention on the individuals with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) to provide the basis for evidence-based practice. Methods : In order to find out the studies on the effect of social story intervention on individuals with ASD, studies published from 2011 to December 2020 were searched on Google Academic Search. The keywords used were "autism spectrum disorder AND social story". A total of 16,900 studies were searched, and from these, 12 studies were selected based on the application of the selection and exclusion criteria. The included studies comprised of 10 single subject design studies and 2 randomized controlled trials design studies. The included studies were analyzed in accordance to population, intervention, outcome measures and results. Results : As a result of analysing the subjects of the included studies, we found out that pre-school children and adolescents were the most common groups of individuals diagnozsed with ASD. In addition to ASD, the diagnosis of the subjects included intellectual disability, Asperger, and Prader-willi. We found out that there were more interventions that were mixed with other interventions, than just the pure social story interventions. In particular, video modeling was found to be the most frequent intervention. This was followed by photo-based social stories. For outcome measure, autism social skills profile was found to be the most often used standardized assessment. For a non-standardized assessment, social desired behavior was found to be the most frequently evaluated behavior, followed by personal problem behavior. Of all the dependent variables, the dependent variable reported as "effective" was the most, followed by "some effective". Conclusion : This study is organized to help the individuals with ASD, families, researchers, and therapists understand the effects of social story intervention on the individuals with ASD in an easy fashion. Further, therapists can use this study as the basic data for evidence-based practice.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-56
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• 2022

Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used herbal medicine for the treatment of tic disorders in China and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment. Methods RCTs published from January 2017 to December 2021 were searched for using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). These were then analyzed using herbal medicine treatment methods and their results. Results A total of 35 randomized controlled trials were selected and analyzed. In most studies, evaluation indicators such as the Yale tic symptom scale and total effective rate were significantly improved in the herbal medicine treatment group compared to the control group. The most commonly used herb for tic disorder was Uncaria Rhynchophylla (釣鉤藤), followed by Glycyrrhizae Radix (甘草), Gastrodiae Rhizoma (天麻), Paeoniae Radix Alba (白芍藥), Batryticatus (白殭蠶), Poria (茯笭), and Bupleuri Radix (柴胡). In all studies that reported adverse events, herbal medicine was identified as a relatively safe treatment with fewer adverse reactions or no significant difference compared with the control group. Conclusions Based on the results of RCTs, herbal medicine has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of intellectual disability. However, additional well-designed large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.591-599
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• 2016

Among the employer-supported subscribers to the National Health Insurance Service, 6,797 people with mild disabilities with western ages of 20 and up and who received health checkups were investigated. Of these 6,797 people, 3,186 and 3,611 received health checkups in 2009 and 2013, respectively. Those people who were diagnosed with physical handicaps, brain lesions, visual impairment, hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, mental disorders, kidney disorders or other disorders according to the classification standard for people with disabilities were classified into disability groups of the 3rd through 6th degrees. The purpose of this study was to examine the dangerous influence of obesity of people with mild disabilities on their hyperglycemia, hypertension and high cholesterol. The items measured in this study were abdominal obesity, body mass index, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. To look for connections between the obesity level and at-risk groups for each disease, cross tabulation and multinomial logistic regression analyses were utilized. Higher levels of abdominal obesity and BMI were found among those who were male, were younger and had higher incomes. The risks of abdominal obesity and BMI were higher in the abnormal groups for each disease. In 2009, the obesity group whose BMI was higher had a 1.51-fold higher risk of hypertension than the normal group. The abdominal obesity group had a 1.59-fold higher risk of high cholesterol, a 1.26-fold higher risk of hypertension and a 1.54-fold higher risk of hyperglycemia than the normal group. In 2013, the obesity group whose BMI was higher had a 1.72-fold higher risk of high cholesterol and a 1.43-fold higher risk of hypertension than the normal group. Those with abdominal obesity had a 1.59-fold higher risk of hyperglycemia than the normal subjects. As the risk of obesity was higher in those with disabilities than in those without disabilities, the former should be encouraged to undergo health checkups on a regular basis, and the coverage of the health checkups should be extended to keep track of their illness. In addition, appropriate education and concern are both required to prevent obesity.