• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.55-62
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• 2005

In this paper, a CAB/CAE integrated optimal design system is developed, in which design and analysis process is automated using CAD/CAE softwares, for a complicated model for which parametric modeling provided by CAD software is not possible. CAD modeling process is automated by using UG/OPEN API function and UG/Knowledge Fusion provided by Unigraphics. The generated model is transferred to the analysis code ANSYS in parasolid format. Visual DOC software is used for optimization. The system is developed for PLS(Plasma Lighting System), which is a next generation illumination system that is used to illuminate stadium or outdoor advertizing panel. The PLS system consists of more then 20 components, which requires a lot of human efforts in modeling and analysis. The analysis for PLS includes static load, wind load and impact load analysis. As a result of analysis, it is found that the most critical component is a tilt assembly, which links lower & upper body assembly. For more reliable analysis, experiment is conducted using MTS and compared with the Finite element analysis result. The objective in the optimization is to minimize the material volume under allowable stresses. The design variables are three parameters in the tilt assembly that are chosen to be the most sensitive in stress values of twelve parameters. Gradient based method and RSM(Response Surface Method) are used for the algorithm and the results are compared. As a result of optimization, the maximum stress is reduced by 57%.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1541-1549
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• 2013

This study investigates the response of structures to tunnelling-induced ground movements in sand ground, varying tunnel excavation condition (tunnel depth and diameter), tunnel construction condition (ground loss), ground condition (loose sand and dense sand). Four-story block-bearing structures have been used because the structueres can easily be characterized of the extent of dmages with crack size and distribution. Numerical parametric studies have been used to investigae of the response of structures to varying tunnelling conditions. Numerical analysis has been conducted using Discrete Element Method (DEM) to have real cracks when the shear and tensile stress exceed the maximum shear and tensile strength. The results of structure responses from various parametric studies have been integrated to consider tunnel excavation condition, tunnel construction condition, and ground condition and provided as a relationship chart. Using the chart, the response of structures to tunnelling can easily be evaluated in practice in sand ground.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of emotional labor of nursing personnel working in comprehensive nursing service ward and to suggest the way service improvement can be achieved. Methods: A total of 28 nurses working in comprehensive nursing service ward were divided into four groups to conduct focus group interview. All interviews were recorded and transcribed after the interview to perform data analysis in the order of data classification, topic categorization, and keyword derivation. Results: The five categories of subjects and relating keywords drawn from the focus group interviews are as follows: 1) Emotional labor experience: suppressing emotions, expressing emotions or actions that are different from reality, 2) Situations of emotional labor: verbal abuse and assault, sexual harassment, personal needs and errands, 3) Responses to emotional labor: responding directly, responding directly, receiving senior's help, using the organizational system, persevering, 4) Problems caused by emotional labor: work exhaustion, job change intention, job stress, 5) Protection plan against emotional labor: manual or education for nurses, education for patients and carers, compensation, tough sanctions though system strengthening. Conclusion: This study shows that although nurses working in comprehensive nursing service ward generally experience high levels of emotional labor, the problem solving of them relies mainly on personal response. Therefore, it is necessary to develop various measures to protect nurses in an organizational level response, thus to improve the comprehensive nursing service system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.124-124
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• 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is of particular concern because of its widespread occurrence and high toxicity and may cause serious morpho-physiological and molecular abnormalities in in plants. The present study was performed to explore Cd-induced morpho-physiological alterations and their potentiality associated mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor leaves at the protein level. Ten-day-old sorghum seedlings were exposed to different concentrations (0, 100, and $150{\mu}M$) of $CdCl_2$, and different morpho-physiological responses were recorded. The effects of Cd exposure on protein expression patterns in S. bicolor were investigated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in samples derived from the leaves of both control and Cd-treated seedlings. The observed morphological changes revealed that the plants treated with Cd displayed dramatically altered shoot lengths, fresh weights, and relative water content. In addition, the concentration of Cd was markedly increased by treatment with Cd, and the amount of Cd taken up by the shoots was significantly and directly correlated with the applied level of Cd. Using the 2-DE method, a total of 33 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Of these, treatment with Cd resulted in significant increases in 15 proteins and decreases in 18 proteins. Significant changes were absorbed in the levels of proteins known to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transcriptional regulation, translation and stress responses. Proteomic results revealed that Cd stress had an inhibitory effect on carbon fixation, ATP production and the regulation of protein synthesis. In addition, the up-regulation of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 may play a significant role in Cd-related toxicity and stress responses. Our study provides insights into the integrated molecular mechanisms involved in response to Cd and the effects of Cd on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum seedlings. The upregulation of these stress-related genes may be candidates for further research and use in genetic manipulation of sorghum tolerance to Cd stress.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.415-427
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• 2021

A plethora of compounds stimulate protective mechanisms in plants against microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses. Some defense activators are synthetic compounds and trigger responses only in certain protective pathways, such as activation of defenses under regulation by the plant regulator, salicylic acid (SA). This review discusses the potential of naturally occurring plant metabolites as primers for defense responses in the plant. The production of the metabolites, hexanoic acid and melatonin, in plants means they are consumed when plants are eaten as foods. Both metabolites prime stronger and more rapid activation of plant defense upon subsequent stress. Because these metabolites trigger protective measures in the plant they can be considered as "vaccines" to promote plant vigor. Hexanoic acid and melatonin instigate systemic changes in plant metabolism associated with both of the major defense pathways, those regulated by SA- and jasmonic acid (JA). These two pathways are well studied because of their induction by different microbial triggers: necrosis-causing microbial pathogens induce the SA pathway whereas colonization by beneficial microbes stimulates the JA pathway. The plant's responses to the two metabolites, however, are not identical with a major difference being a characterized growth response with melatonin but not hexanoic acid. As primers for plant defense, hexanoic acid and melatonin have the potential to be successfully integrated into vaccination-like strategies to protect plants against diseases and abiotic stresses that do not involve man-made chemicals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.97-109
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• 2022

Species are facing strong selection pressures to adapt to inhospitable high-altitude environments. Yaks are a valuable species and an iconic symbol of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Extensive studies of high-altitude adaptation have been conducted, but few have focused on metabolism. In the present study, we determined the differences in the serum metabolomics between yaks and the closely related species of low-altitude yellow cattle and dairy cows. We generated high-quality metabolite profiling data for 36 samples derived from the three species, and a clear separation trend was obtained between yaks and the other animals from principal component analysis. In addition, we identified a total of 63 differentially expressed metabolites among the three species. Functional analysis revealed that differentially expressed metabolites were related to the innate immune activation, oxidative stress-related metabolism, and energy metabolism in yaks, which indicates the important roles of metabolites in high-altitude adaptation in yaks. The results provide new insights into the mechanism of adaptation or acclimatization to high-altitude environments in yaks and hypoxia-related diseases in humans.

• Water for future
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-236
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• 1983

In semi-enclosed shallow sea areas typified by the Yellow sea and the East China Sea, currents and sea surface variations are predominantly tidal. During the recent years two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has been developed, based on the vertically-integrated equations of motion and continuity, capable of reproducing amplitudes and phases of the principal components of tides to satisfiable accuracy. As a subsequent development a three-dimensional hydrodynamical nymerical model covering the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea has been formulated to investigate the vertical distribution of horizontal tidal current and the response of the continented to investigate the vertical distribution of horizontal tidal current and the response of the continental shelf sea to steady uniform wind stress field imposed over the surface. Features of the M2 tidal current and the wind-induced three-dimensional current structure determined from the computation have been examined and discussed.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.311-320
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• 2021

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with the development of various diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress that lead to such diseases like autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remain unclear. Here, we observed that oxidative stress markers were increased in Pkd1f/f:HoxB7-Cre mice. Forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FOXOs) are known key regulators of the oxidative stress response, which have been observed with the expression of FoxO3a in an ADPKD mouse model in the present study. An integrated analysis of two datasets for differentially expressed miRNA, such as miRNA sequencing analysis of Pkd1 conditional knockout mice and microarray analysis of samples from ADPKD patients, showed that miR-132-3p was a key regulator of FOXO3a in ADPKD. miR-132-3p was significantly upregulated in ADPKD which directly targeted FOXO3 in both mouse and human cell lines. Interestingly, the mitochondrial gene Gatm was downregulated in ADPKD which led to a decreased inhibition of Foxo3. Overexpression of miR-132-3p coupled with knockdown of Foxo3 and Gatm increased ROS and accelerated cyst formation in 3D culture. This study reveals a novel mechanism involving miR-132-3p, Foxo3, and Gatm that is associated with the oxidative stress that occurs during cystogenesis in ADPKD.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.175-183
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• 2014

This study investigates the response of structures to tunnelling-induced ground movements in clay ground, varying tunnel excavation condition (tunnel depth and diameter), tunnel construction condition (ground loss), and tunnel ground condition (soft clay and stiff clay). Four-story block-bearing structures have been used because the structures can easily be characterized of the extent of damages with crack size and distribution. Numerical parametric studies have been used to investigate of the response of structures to varying tunnelling conditions. Numerical analysis has been conducted using Discrete Element Method (DEM) to have real cracks when the shear and tensile stress exceed the maximum shear and tensile strength. The results of structure responses from various parametric studies have been integrated to consider tunnel excavation condition, tunnel construction condition, and tunnel ground condition and provide a relationship chart among them. Using the chart, the response of structures to tunnelling can easily be evaluated in practice in clay ground.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2019

Climate change and drought stress are having profound impacts on crop growth and development by altering crop physiological processes including photosynthetic activity. But finding a rapid, efficient, and non-destructive method for estimating environmental stress responses in the leaf and canopy is still a difficult issue for remote sensing research. We compared the relationships between photochemical reflectance index(PRI) and various optical and experimental indices on soybean drought stress under climate change conditions. Canopy photosynthesis trait, biomass change, chlorophyll fluorescence(Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance showed significant correlations with midday PRI value across the drought stress period under various climate conditions. In high temperature treatment, PRI were more sensitive to enhanced drought stress, demonstrating the negative effect of the high temperature on the drought stress. But high CO₂ concentration alleviated the midday depression of both photosynthesis and PRI. Although air temperature and CO₂ concentration could affect PRI interpretation and assessment of canopy radiation use efficiency(RUE), PRI was significantly correlated with canopy RUE both under climate change and drought stress conditions, indicating the applicability of PRI for tracking the drought stress responses in soybean. However, it is necessary to develop an integrated model for stress diagnosis using PRI at canopy level by minimizing the influence of physical and physiological factors on PRI and incorporating the effects of other vegetation indices.