• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1069-1077
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• 2009

Castration of male pig produces significant negative effects on skeletal muscle development. The androgen receptor (AR), two splice variants of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I Ea and MGF) and the myostatin gene may play important roles in this process. In the present study, the expression of AR, IGF-I Ea, MGF and myostatin genes in three skeletal muscles, the brachialis, longissimus and semitendinosus, were studied using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Our experimental design used 14 pairs of male Landrace sire${\times}$Yorkshire dam piglets. The two piglets in each pair were full sibs, one of which was castrated at 21 d of age; the other remained intact. The study group was divided into subgroups of equal size. Animals in the first subgroup were slaughtered at 147 d and those of the second at 210 d of age. Carcass weight and lean meat yield were similar between boars and barrows at 147 d of age (p>0.05), whereas barrows had lower carcass weight and less lean meat yield at 210 d of age (p<0.05). Castration caused down-regulation of AR gene expression at both 147 and 210 d of age (p<0.05). The two splice variants of the IGF-I gene from porcine skeletal muscle were cloned using RT-PCR, and it was found that MGF differs from IGF-I Ea in having a 52-base insert in the last coding exon of the mRNA. Both splice variants were down-regulated by castration only at 210 d of age (p<0.05). No differences in expression of the myostatin gene were observed between boars and barrows at either 147 or 210 d of age (p>0.05). These results suggest that the downregulation of AR, IGF-I Ea and MGF gene expression following castration helps to explain the negative effect of castration on skeletal muscle development.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and obesity in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCO). Twenty-two women with PCO, of whom thirteen were non-obese with body mass index(BMI, kg/$m^2$) of <25 and nine were obese with BMI${\geq}$25 were studied. Eight non-obese control women and seven obese control women were studied. Serum concentrations of testosterone, lutenizing hormone(LH)/follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) ratio, and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) in PCO women compared with control women, which clearly is not related to obesity. Serum glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured during a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT). Non-obese and obese women with PCO both(P<0.05) compared with control women demonstrated significant hyperinsulinemia after OGTT. The degree of hyperinsulinemia was found to be significantly higher in the obese women with PCO compared with the non-obese women with PCO. We concluded that obesity may contribute to hyperinsulinemia, however may not playa central role in the pathogenesis of PCO.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.4215-4218
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• 2015

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. It is the first cause of cancer deaths in both sexes In Iranian population. Circulating insulin-like growth factor-one (IGF-1) levels have been associated for gastric cancer. IGF-1 protein has central roles involved in the regulation of epithelial cell growth, proliferation, transformation, apoptosis and metastasis. Single nucleotide polymorphism in IGF-1 regulatory elements may lead to alter in IGF-1expression level and GC susceptibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IGF-1 gene polymorphism (rs5742612) on risk of GC and clinicopathological features for the first time in Iranian population. In total, 241 subjects including 100 patients with GC and 141 healthy controls were recruited in our study. Genotypes were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay with DNA from peripheral blood. The polymorphism was statistically analyzed to investigate the relationship with the risk of GC and clinicopathological properties. Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was no significant association between rs5742612 and the risk of GC. In addition, no significant association between genotypes and clinicopathological features was observed (p value>0.05). The frequencies of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 97%, 3%, and 0%, respectively, among the cases, and 97.9%, 2.1%, and 0%, respectively, among the controls. CC genotype was more frequent in cases and controls. The frequencies of C and T alleles were 98.9% and 1.1% in controls and 98.5% and 1.5% in patient respectively. Our results provide the first evidence that this variant is rare in Iranian population and it may not be a powerful genetic predisposing biomarker for prediction GC clinicopathological features in an Iranian population.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the hormonal changes in cultured medium during in vitro culture of bovine splenic macrophages. Both pregnant and non-pregnant slaughterhouse spleen were obtained and the macrophages were separated and cultured for 24~120 hrs at 39$^{\circ}C$. Progesterone productions of pregnant group were higher than non-pregnant group for 24~96hrs and significantly higher for 120 hrs. The production of estradiol was higher in 24 hrs in pregnant group and no differences post 24 hrs. Insulin-like growth factor- I(IGF-I) production of pregnant was higher than non-pregnant group at all the culture time point. Inconclusion, splenic macrophages were able to produce peptides by in vitro culture and have important role for the successful pregnancy in bovine.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1651-1657
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• 2009

Physical activity and exercise can promote sensorimotor recovery from central nerve injury. It has been suggested that the functional recovery promoted by exercise training after spinal cord injury might be associated with insulin-like growth factor-I in the inflicted muscle. To investigate morphological and biochemical change of the soleus muscle after spinal cord injury, all tissues were used for H&E, immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. Also, BBB-test was used to evaluate behavioral improvement after spinal cord contusion. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats ($230{\pm}10\;g$; 7week in age) were assigned equally to three different groups; Normal (n=10), SCI (n=10), SCI+TMT (n=10). Every rat in SCI and SCI+TMT groups underwent laminectomy at T9 level and then contusion on the exposed spinal cord site in anesthetized condition. After one week-recovery from contusion, every rat in the SCI+TMT group exercised on a motorized treadmill for 30min/d, 5d/wk for 7wks. TMT followed by injury increased IGF-I induction levels in the soleus muscle and inhibited muscle atrophy. Behavioral scales for 4 and 8 weeks after spinal cord injury were improved in the SCI+TMT group compared to the SCI group. These results suggest that treadmill exercise after spinal cord injury might promote functional recovery along with muscle regrowth through the up-regulation of IGF-1 in muscle tissue.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense (C. japonicum) extract on serum level of hormones from induced osteoporosis by ovariectomized rats. Two month-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX), remained untreated for 8 weeks, and were subsequently administered C. japonicum (200 mg/kg) every day for 8 weeks. We examined the effects of treated C. japonicum on ovariectomy-related changes in Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor binding protein-3 (IGBF-3), Estrogen, Calcium, and Phosporus. After 8 weeks, the serum levels of IGF-I, -II, and IGFBP-3 were higher presented as compared to the other two groups (P < 0.05), in the C. japonicum extract treatment on OVX rats. There were differences between OVX and C. japonicum extract treated OVX rats in serum levels of $Ca^{2+}$, but $Ca^{2+}$ levels for the normal group was higher than for the other two groups. The C. japonicum extract increased both serum IGFs and IGFBP-3 levels on induced osteoporotic rat by ovariectomized. Thus, these results revealed that the C. japonicum extract is a possible role for improvement of osteoporosis induced-ovariectomized rats and has a great potential as an alternative tool for the treatment of osteoporosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.477-484
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• 2019

Objective: We aimed to observe hair follicle (HF) development in the dorsal skin and elucidate the expression patterns of genes and proteins related to skin and HF development in Rex rabbits from birth to 8 weeks of age. Methods: Whole-skin samples were obtained from the backs of Rex rabbits at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age, the morphological development of primary and secondary HFs was observed, and the gene transcript levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), transforming growth factor ${\beta}-1$, 2, and 3 ($TGF{\beta}-1$, $TGF{\beta}-2$, and $TGF{\beta}-3$) were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, Wnt family member 10b (Wnt10b) and ${\beta}$-Catenin gene and protein expression were examined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Results: The results showed significant changes in the differentiation of primary and secondary HFs in Rex rabbits during their first 8 weeks of life. The IGF-I, EGF, $TGF{\beta}-2$, and $TGF{\beta}-3$ transcript levels in the rabbits were significantly lower at 2 weeks of age than at birth and gradually increased thereafter, while the BMP2 and $TGF{\beta}-1$ transcript levels at 2 weeks of age were significantly higher than those at birth and gradually decreased thereafter. ${\beta}$-Catenin gene expression was also significantly affected by age, while the Wnt10b transcript level was not. However, the Wnt10b and ${\beta}$-catenin protein expression levels were the lowest at 2 and 4 weeks of age. Conclusion: Our data showed that a series of changes in HFs in dorsal skin occurred during the first 8 weeks. Many genes, such as IGF-I, EGF, BMP2, $TGF{\beta}-1$, $TGF{\beta}-2$, $TGF{\beta}-3$, and ${\beta}$-Catenin, participated in this process, and the related proteins Wnt10b and ${\beta}$-Catenin in skin were also affected by age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods: Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion: The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7427-7431
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• 2013

Aims: To examine the pretreatment effects of regular aerobic training on the IGF system (IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGF/IGFBP) and doxorubicin(DOX) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight male rats were divided into groups:(1) control+placebo (2) $control+DOX_{10}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (3) $control+DOX_{20}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (4) training+placebo (5) $training+DOX_{10}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ (6) $training+DOX_{20}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. Hepatotoxicity was induced by DOX with dosages of 10 and 20 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 performed treadmill running of 25-54 min/day and 15-20 m/min, 5 days/wk for 6 wks. At the end of the aerobic training protocol, rats in the 1 and 4 groups, in the 2 and 5 groups and in the 3 and 6 groups received saline solution, $DOX_{10}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $DOX_{20}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively. Results: Administration of $DOX_{20}mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ caused a significant increase in IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3, an insignificant decrease in IGFBP-3, as compared to the control+placebo group. However, after six weeks of aerobic training and DOX treatment with $10mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and or/ $20mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ an insignificant decrease in IGF-1, an insignificant increase in IGFBP-3 and a significant decrease in IGF-1/IGFBP-3 were detected, in comparison to $C+DOX_{10}$ and $C+DOX_{20}$. Conclusions: Hepatotoxicity of doxorubicin is dose-dependent and pretreatment with regular aerobic training may improve DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by up-regulation of IGFBP3.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.474-481
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• 2019

This study evaluated the chronic effects of $NO_3-N$ on juvenile blackhead seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. The experiment used six identically configured recirculating aquaculture systems (435 L), with three tanks (70 L) each. The $NO_3-N$ concentrations studied were 0 (control), 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/L $NO_3-N/L$. Thirty juvenile blackhead seabream ($18.8{\pm}2.2g$) were stocked in each tank. Growth and hematological changes were evaluated after 120 days. At the end of the experiment, the growth, survival, and cortisol levels indicated that blackhead seabream were healthy in 500 mg $NO_3-N/L$. However, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 receptor were significantly lower at 250, 500, and 1,000 mg $NO_3-N/L$ than in controls (62.5 and 125 mg $NO_3-N/L$). Juveniles were likely affected at a much lower $NO_3-N$ concentration than 250 mg/L $NO_3-N/L$ in terms of IGF-1 and the IGF-1 receptor. Therefore, for the sake of long-term fish welfare, the $NO_3-N$ should be maintained at lower than 250 mg/L for blackhead seabream in recirculating aquaculture systems.