• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2000

본 연구는 Wistar계 rat를 이용하여 포유기간 중 제한포유시기와 이유시기를 조절하여, 혈중 IGF- I 수준변화에 대해 검토하였다. NL군 (NL)은 포유자의 수를 8 마리로 조절하였으며, RL군 (RL)과 W군 (W)은 RL0, RL0, RL10, RLl5 및 RL20, 그리고 W0, W5, WI0, W15 및 W20으로 각각 5개 군으로 구분하여, RL군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 8마리에서 4마리로 조절하였으며, W군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 완전히 이유시켜 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. NL군의 혈중 IGF-I 농도는 분만직후 (Day 0) 750.59$\pm$3.52ng/$m\ell$ 을 나타내어 15일까지 일정한 수준을 유지하다가 그 후 포유 25일에 1,690.20$\pm$4.42ng/$m\ell$ 까지 증가되었다. 2. 포유초기 RL군 (RL0, RL5)의 IGF- I 농도는 포유 10일에 RL0군과 RL5군에서 각각 1,395.90$\pm$3.45 및 1,351.73$\pm$3.23ng/$m\ell$로서 NL 군의 745.96$\pm$2.24ng/$m\ell$ 보다 유의적 (P＜0.05)으로 높게 나타났으나 포유 15일부터는 차이가 없었다. 3. 포유초기 W군의 IGF- I 농도는 이유 후 일주일 정도는 NL군에 비해 높은 수준 (P＜0.05)을 나타내다가 10일경에 NL군과 같은 수준으로 감소하였다. 포유자극의 강약은 난소의 생리적 변화와 함께 혈중 IGF- I의 농도를 조절하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.285-290
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• 1997

이상의 결과를 요약하연, 혈당값은 정상대조군 78{\pm}6.20mg/dl, 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자 $184{\pm}18.94mg/dl$로 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자의 혈당값이 유의적으로 높았다. IGF-I의 수준은 정상대조군 $9.32{\pm}1.48{\mu}g/ml$, 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자 $4.19{\pm}0.84{\mu}g/ml$로 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자의 IGF-I 수준이 유의적으로 낮았다. 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자의 혈청 중 IGFBP-1, -2는 증가한 반면, IGFBP-3, -4, -5는 감소하였다. IGFBP-3의 분해에 관여하는 효소는 PMSF, aprotinin, EDTA에 의해 저해되어 metal-dependent serine proteases임을 확인하였고, 효소의 크기가 대략 97,66kDa 이었으며 효소활성이 인슐린 비의존형 당뇨병 환자에게서 큼을 확인하였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2020

Background: The IGF system plays important roles in controlling growth, development, reproduction, and aging of organisms. Methods: To estimate maturation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we investigated the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system components and sex-specific genes. To determine the role of the IGF system in the growth and spawning period of female and male oysters, we examined mRNA expression levels of the C. gigas insulin receptor-related receptor (CIR), IGF binding protein complex acid labile subunit (IGFBP_ALS), and molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP), as well as those of vitellogenin (Vg) and receptor-type guanylate cyclase (Gyc76C) in gonads of C. gigas collected between April and October, when sex can be determined visually in this species. Results: We found that MIP, IGFBP_ALS, and CIR mRNA expression levels were dependent on sex and month and were greater in males than in females. CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were very similar among females, whereas IGF system components and Gyc76C were very similarly expressed among males. The highest expression values were observed in May, when oysters are mature; CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were highest in females, and those of MIP, IGFBP_ALS, CIR, and Gyc76C were highest in males. Interestingly, we observed a 1:1 proportion of females to males during this period. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IGF system components, as well as Vg and Gyc76C, are associated with sexual maturation in C. gigas.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2003

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA) and exhibits anticarcinogenic activity in a variety of animal models. We have previously observed that CLA inhibited the growth of Caco-2 cells, a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The present study was performed to determine whether the growth inhibitory effect of CLA is related to change in secretion of IGF- II and/or IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) that have been shown to regulate Caco-2 cell proliferation by an autocrine mechanism. Cells were incubated in serum-free medium with various concentrations of CLA or linoleic acid (LA). Immunoblot analysis of 24-hours, serum-free, conditioned medium using a monoclonal anti-IGF-IIantibody revealed that Caco-2 cells secreted both mature 6,500 Mr and higher Mr forms of pro IGF-II. The levels of pro IGF-II and mature IGF-IIwere decreased by 43 $\pm$ 2% and 53 $\pm$ 6%, respectively by treatment with 50 $\mu$ M CLA. LA slightly increased pro IGF- II levels. Results from Northern blot analysis showed that CLA decreased IGF-II mRNA levels at 50 $\mu$ M concentration suggesting that CLA regulation of IGF-II protein expression occurs partly at the transcriptional level. Ligand blot analysis of conditioned media using 1251-IGF-II revealed that CLA slightly decreased IGFBP-2 levels and increased IGFBP-4 levels. We confirmed our previous results that CLA inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner but LA slightly increased cell growth. Exogenous IGF-II mitigated the growth inhibitory effect of CLA. These results indicate that the growth inhibitory effect of CLA may be at least in part mediated by decreasing IGF-II and IGFBP-2 secretion and increasing IGFBP-4 secretion in Caco-2 cells.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

목적: 임신성 당뇨는 임신의 흔한 합병증 중의 하나이며 임신 성 당뇨 산모의 아기는 정상 산모의 아기에 비해서 체지방률이 높다. Adiponectin은 인슐린 민감성 조직에서 당과 지방 대사를 조절하는 중요한 물질이며, insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I은 출생 전후기에 성장을 조절하는 중요한 내분비 조절물질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 임신성 당뇨 산모의 아기에서 제대혈 adiponectin과 IGF-I 수치와 태아 성장과의 관계 및 인슐린 저항성에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 임신성 당뇨 이외에 임신과 관련된 기타 합병증이 동반되지 않은 산모에서 태어난 아기(임신성 당뇨군, N=53)와 정상산모에서 태어난 아기(대조군, N=101)의 제대혈 adiponectin과 IGF-I 수치를 비교하였다. 신생아는 출생 체중에 따라 부당경량아(N=26), 적정체중아(N=97), 부당중량아(N=31)로 세분하였다. 제대혈 adiponectin, IGF-I 농도와 산모의 나이, 분만력, 임신 전 체질량지수, 공복 혈당 및 75 g 경구당부하검사, 임신 중산모 체중 증가, 태아-태반 무게비, 출생시 재태연령, 아기의 성별, 출생체중, 출생신장과의 관계를 비교하였다. 결과: 대조군보다 임신성 당뇨군에서 제대혈 adiponectin의평균이 의미 있게 낮았다(P<0.001). 임신성 당뇨군에서는 부당경량아군, 적정체중아군, 부당중량아군 사이의 제대혈 adiponectin 수치에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나(P=0.228),적정체중아군은 대조군의 적정체중아군에 비해 의미 있게 낮은 adiponectin 수치를 보였다(P<0.001). 제대혈 adiponectin은 산모의 임신 전 체질량지수, 공복혈당, 75 g 경부당부하검사와 음의 상관관계를 가졌고, 출생시 재태연령, 출생체중, 제대혈 IGF-I과 양의 상관관계를 가졌다. 다중선형회귀분석에서 75 g 경부당부하검사가 가장 강력한 예측인자로 나왔다. 임신성 당뇨군과 대조군 사이의 제대혈 IGF-I은 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다(P=0.834). 제대혈 IGF-I은 출생체중이 높은 군일수록 의미 있게 높았다(P<0.001). 제대혈 IGF-I은 산모의 연령, 분만력, 출생체중, 출생신장, 제대혈 adiponectin과 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 이 중에서 출생체중과 분만력이 가장 강력한 예측인자였다. 결론: 산모의 임신성 당뇨는 제대혈 adiponectin을 낮춘다. 제대혈 adiponectin과 IGF-I 모두 출생체중과 연관성을 보였지만 IGF-I이 태아의 성장에 좀 더 직접적인 영향을 미치며, adiponectin은 성장보다는 인슐린 저항성과 더 연관이 있는 것으로 생각된다. 그러므로 임신성 당뇨를 가진 산모에서 태어난 아기는 적정체중아일지라도 생후 성장과 인슐린 저항성의 변화를 추적 관찰하는 것이 중요할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1653-1658
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• 2000

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA levels in the eyes, heart, liver and breast muscle removed from dwarf egg-type, normal egg-type and normal meat-type chicken embryos at 7, 14 and 20 days of incubation were measured. There was no influence of chicken strain on IGF-I gene expression in the eyes and liver. The IGF-I gene expression in eyes increased significantly along with the incubation period. In the liver, IGF-I gene expression at 20 days of incubation was significantly higher than that at 14 days of incubation. In the muscle, the lowest value for IGF-I gene expression was observed in meat-type chicken embryos. Regression analysis revealed that IGF-I gene expression was significantly correlated to the weights of the eyes and liver, but not the muscle. We conclude that there is little influence of strain on tissue IGF-I gene expression in chicken embryos during incubation but that tissue development in chicken embryos is nevertheless at least partly regulated by the change in IGF-I gene expression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.366-371
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• 2010

Twelve Suffolk${\times}$Small-tail-Han male sheep (body weight 21-26 kg), aged four months, were used to study the effects of volatile fatty acids (VFA) on IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-I), IGFBP-3 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3), GH (growth hormone), insulin and glucagon in plasma, and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues. The sheep were randomly divided into four groups with 3 sheep in each group. The sheep were sustained by total intragastric infusions and four levels of mixed VFA (the molar proportion of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid was 65:25:10), which supplied 333, 378, 423 and 468 KJ energy/kg $W^{0.75}$/d, were infused into the rumen as experimental Treatments I, II, III and IV, respectively. The experiment lasted 12 days, of which the first 8 days were for pretreatment and the last 4 days for collection of samples. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken and then the sheep were slaughtered and tissue samples from the rumen ventral sac, rumen dorsal sac, liver, duodenum and Longissimus dorsi muscle were obtained. IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in different tissues were analysed. Results showed that the concentration of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin or glucagon in plasma and the content of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver or Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased with VFA infusion level (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in duodenum IGF-I between Treatments I and II and in rumen dorsal sac IGFBP-3 between Treatments II and III (p>0.05). It was concluded that IGF-I, IGFBP-3, GH, insulin and glucagon in plasma and IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in rumen dorsal sac, rumen ventral sac, liver and Longissimus dorsi muscle were increased significantly with increasing level of ruminal infusion of mixed VFA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1999

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is found in all vertebrates and its type-II molecule is regarded as a fundamental embryonic growth factor during development. We have firstly identified, in this study, a cDNA clone corresponding to IGF-II (flIGF-II) from the adult brain of the teleost, Paralichthys olivaceus. We also examined the tissue expression of flIGF-II in several adult tissues by RT-PCR. The flIGF-II cDNA contained a complete ORF consisting of 215 amino acids and one stop codon. Its molecular characteristics appear to be similar to the previously identified IGF-II molecules, in which a common primary structure exhibiting B, C, A, D, and E domains is evidently observed. This cDNA clone seems to be cleaved at $Ala_{52}$ for the $NH_2$-end signal peptide and appears to produce a 98 amino acid-long E-peptide from the $Arg^{118}$. The functional B-D domain regions, therefore, include 65 amino acids and is able to encode a 7.4-kDa protein. The most prominent structural difference between IGF-I and IGF-II was that the D domain of IGF-II exhibits a two-codon-deleted pattern compared to the 8 amino acid-containing IGF-I. The insulin family signature in the A domain and six cysteins forming three disulfide bridges between the B and A domains were evolutionary-conserved from teleosts to mammalian IGF-II. Interestingly, the E-peptide region appears to provide a distinct hallmark between teleosts in amino acid composition. The flIGF-II shows 85.1% of sequence identity to salmon and trout, 90.6% to tilapia, and 98.4% to perch in amino acid level. In tissue expressions of IGF-II, it is very likely that flIGF-II has a significant expression in the adult brain. However, liver seems to be the main source for IGF-II production, and relatively low signals were observed in the adult muscle and kidney. Taken together, it would be concluded that the functional region for IGF-II mRNA is highly similar in phylogeny and is evolutionary, conserved as a mediator for the growth of vertebrates.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.5675-5680
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• 2013

Background: Preexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects the prognosis and mortality of patients with some cancers. Insulin like growth factor (IGF) and insulin receptor (IR) signaling axes play important roles in both cancer and diabetes development. We aimed to explore the expression characteristics of proteins in IGF/IR axis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases with preexisting T2DM. Methods: Fifty-five NSCLC patients with preexisting T2DM were retrospectively included and matched by 55 NSCLC without diabetes at a 1:1 ratio. The expression of proteins in IGF/IR axis was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Clinicopathological data were collected to analyze their relationship with the protein expression. Results: Both IGF 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) showed higher expression in the NSCLC with T2DM group, compared with those without T2DM. The high expression of IGF-1R and IRS-2 were found to be negatively associated with lymph node metastases and T staging in the T2DM group, respectively, and IRS-2 expression was also found more in the subgroup whose T2DM duration was more than 4 years. No difference was detected in the expression of IRS-1, IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP3, IR and mTOR between groups with or without T2DM. Conclusion: Our study found higher expression of IGF-1R and IRS-2 proteins in NSCLC patients with preexisting T2DM, and that there was an association with early stage NSCLC, which suggested that IGF signaling may play an important early event in development of NSCLC associated with diabetes.

• BMB Reports
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.454-462
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• 2000

Interleukin-4(IL-4) is known to be a major cytokine regulating immunoglobulin E(IgE) response by the induction of IgE production and type II IgE receptor(IgER II: CD23) expression. Recently, however, the role of neuroendocrine factors has been implicated in modulating the IgE response. Among various neuroendocrine growth factors, we investigated the effects of the insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) since IL-4 and IGF-1 share common intracellular signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor substrate-1/2(IRS-1/2) to induce a specific cellular response. In the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, IGF-1 was capable of inducing a substantial level of IgE production in a dose-dependent manner. It also noticeably upregulated the IL-4-induced or IL-4 plus anti-CD40-induced IgE production. Similarly, the IGF-1-induced IgE production was enhanced by IL-4 or anti-CD40 in an additive manner, which became saturated at high concentrations of IGF-1. Although IGF-1 alone did not induce IgER II (CD23) expression, it augmented the IL-4-induced surface CD23 expression in a manner similar to the action of anti-CD40. These results imply that IGF-1 is likely to utilize common signaling pathways with IL-4 and anti-CD40 to induce IgE and IgER II expression. In support of this notion, we observed that IGF-1 enhanced the IL-4-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 6(STAT6) activation and independently induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Both of these bind to the IgE(C) or IgER II (CD23) promoters. Together, our data suggest that IL-4 and IGF-1 work cooperatively to activate STAT6 and $NF-{\kappa}B$. This leads to the subsequent binding of these transcription factors to the $C{\varepsilon}$ and CD23 promoters to enhance the expression of IgE and IgER II. The observed differential ability of IGF-1 on the induction of IgE vs. IgER II is discussed based on the different structure of the two promoters.