PET/CT에서 재구성 프로그램의 성능 평가 (Evaluation of Image Quality Based on Time of Flight in PET/CT)
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- 핵의학기술
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- 제16권2호
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- pp.110-114
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- 2012
암의 조기검진 및 수술 전후 추적검사에 유용하게 이용되고 있는 PET/CT는 영상의 질을 향상시키기 위하여 기계적인 성능 향상과 더불어 영상 재구성방법도 발전되어 왔다. 본 연구는 Time of Flight (TOF)를 기반으로 한 재구성 프로그램들에 대하여 영상의 질을 평가하고자 한다. Gemini TF, Biograph mCT, Discovery 690을 이용하여 phantom 영상을 동일한 조건으로 2분 동안 영상을 획득 후 Astonish TF, ultraHD PET, SharpIR을 적용한 것과 적용하지 않은 것에 대하여 영상을 재구성하였다. Flangeless Esser PET phantom 의 내부에는
The problem addressed by this study was to determine the effect of nurse - patient agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period of primiparous mothers. It was hypothesized that the experimental treatment would result in hegher self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance. This purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing care to enhance self- confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance and to the development of relevant nursing theory. Especially, the early postpartum period is crucial toward in recovery from childbirth and attainment of the maternal role. Maternal role attaintment is a complex social and cognitive process of stimulus -response accomplished by learning. Most women attain the maternal role sucessfully. But, some primiparous mothers experience difficultites in attainment of the maternal role due to lack of experience and knowledge. Self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance are important factors in attainment and adjustment to the maternal role (Mercer, 1981a, 1981b ; Lederman, Weigarten, and Lederman, 1981 :Bobak and Jensen, 1985). Nursing is defined as behaviors of nurses add patients that attain nursing goals through action, reaction, interaction, and transaction. For attainment of nursing goals, active participating transactions must occur by agreement on the means to achieve those goals through nurse -patient mutual goal setting and establishment of their active relationships(King, 1981, Ha, 1977). Based on King's theory of goal attainment (1981), this stuy was planned as a non-equivalent control group, non -synchronized quasi -experimental design using agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in early postpartum as the experimental treatment. The data were collected from July 20 to Sep. 1, 1991 by questionnaires with 60 primiparous mothers planing to breast feed after normal deliveries at W hospital in Pusan, Korea. The subjects were divided into a control group(conventional group) -those admitted from July 20 to Aug. 12, and an experimental group(agreement group) - those admitted from Aug. 13 to Sep. 1. The instument for agreement on the means to nursing goals in the early postpartum period included five steps - identification of disturbances of problems through action, reaction, and interaction with primiparous mothers : mutual early postpartal nursing goal setting : exploration of the means to achieve goals ; agreement on the means (self- care, ealry maternal -infant contact, performance of mothering behavior, and communicating about the infant's behavior and health condition) : implementation of the means. This instrument was developed on the basis of King's elements that lead to transactions in nurse-patient interactions. Lederman et al's (1981) scale for Confidence in ability to cope with tasks of motherhood and Lederman et al's(1981) scale for Mother's satisfaction with motherhood and infant care were used to measure self-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance ·with the subjects immediately after admission and on the day of discharge. Self-care performance in the experimental group was measured by self -evaluation tool developed by the investigator from the literature concerned. The tools to measure Pelf-confidence and satisfaction in maternal role performance, and the tool to measure self-evaluation of self-care performance were tested for internal reliability. Cronbach's Alphas were 0.94, 0.94, and 0.63. The data were analysed by using in S.P.S.S. computerized program and included percentage, x²-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusions obtained from this study are summerized as follows : 1. The degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was above average with a mean score of 2.77(range 2.14-3.64). Out of 14 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(3.95), and ‘I have my doubts about whether I am a good mother’(2.87). Those with low mean scores were ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(2.28), ‘When the baby cries, I can tell what she /he wants’(2.37), and ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(2;50). That is, the self - confidence of Primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering, but rather low in activities concerning the infant care and understanding of the infant behavior. The degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the total subjects group measured before the experimental treatment was high with a mean score of 3.18(range 1.92-3.92). Out of 13 items, those with relatively high mean scores were ‘I am glad 1 had this baby now’(3.75), ‘I play with the baby between feedings when s/he is awake and quiet’(3.67), and ‘I enjoy being a mother’(3.27). Those with low mean scores were ‘I am upset about having too many responsibilities as a mother’(2.78), ‘It bothers me to get up for the baby at night’(2.82), and ‘I get annoyed if the baby frequently interrupts my activities’.(2.82), That is, the satisfaction of primiparous mothers was considerably high in mothering and infant care, but rather low in restraints in time or on the mother's self accomplishment and development. 2. Agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period included process of mutual goal setting, exploration of the means to achieve goals, and ahreement in concert means to achieve goals based on the mothers' condition, concerns, self-perception of the nurse - patient interactions. In the process of agreement, there was agreement that the means to achieve goals should be through trust and establishment of active relationships with the nurse through identification of problems according to planned nursing goals and active interaction, such as explanations, teaching, changing of opinions, acceptance or rejection of explanations, and proposing of questions. Therefore agreement on the means to achieve nursing goals in the early postpartum period appears to be an effective nursing intervention for primiparous mothers. 3. The degree of self- confidence in maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higher than that of the control group(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). Out of 14 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I would like to be a better mother than I am’(t＝1.93, p＜0.05), ‘I know that my baby wants most of the times’(t＝2.75, p＜0.01), ‘When the baby cries, 1 can tell what she/he wants’(t＝2.10, p＜0.05), ‘I have confidence in my ability to care for the baby’(t＝3.72, p＜0.01), ‘I trust my own judement in deciding how to care for the baby’(t＝1.96, p＜0.05), ‘I feel that I know my baby and what to do for him /her’(t＝2.44, p＜0.01), ‘I am concerned about being able to meet the baby's needs’(t＝2.87, p＜0.01), ‘I know what my baby likes and dislikes’(t＝3.26, p＜0.01), ‘I don't know to care for the baby as well as I should’(t＝2.07, p＜0.05), and ‘I am unsure about whether I give enough attention to the baby’(t＝3.04, p＜0.01), That is, the degree of self-confidence in mothering, activities concerning infant care, and understanding of infant behavior of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the first hypothesis, that the degree of self-confidence in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝3.95, p＜0.01). 4. The degree of satisfaction in the maternal role performance of the exprimental group was higer than that or the control group(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). Out of 13 items, those with higher score in the experimental group were ‘I am glad I had this baby now’(t＝2.29, p＜0.05), ‘I enjoy taking care of the baby’(t＝2.4g, p＜0.01), ‘It is boring for me to care for the baby and do the same thing over and over’(t＝2.87, P＜0.01), ‘I am unhappy with the amount of time I have for activities other than childcare’(t＝2.51, p＜0.01), and ‘When bathing and diapering the baby, I would like to be doing something else’(t＝2.43, p＜0.01). That is, the degree of satisfaction in mothering, infant care, and restraints in time of on the mother's self accomplishment and development in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Therefore, the second hypothesis, that the degree of satisfaction in maternal role performance of the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group, was supported(t＝2.31, p＜0.05). 5. The third hypothesis, that the higher the degree of satisfaction in materenal role performance, the higher the degree of self-confidence in materenal role performance in the experimental group, was supported (r＝0.57, p＜0.01)
필자는 우주조약의 국제법적 의미에 관하여 첫째, 우주활동의 법원칙선언조항, 둘째, 세부조약으로 발전한 조항 그리고 마지막으로 우주조약의 보완사항에 관한 최근 동향으로 분류하여 설명하였다. 1963년 12월 13일 UN총회의 '우주법선언'을 반영한 우주조약은 그 세부조약으로 1968년 구조협정, 1972년 책임협약, 1975년 등록협약을 제정하였다. 2013년 5월 기준으로 102개국이 가입하고 27개국이 서명한 우주조약은 그야말로 우주법의 '마그나 카르타'(Magna Carta) 내지는 우주의 헌법이라고 불릴 정도로 우주법의 가장 기본이 되는 원칙을 담고 있고, 특히 달과 다른 천체를 포함한 우주를 비전유원칙인 '국제공역'(res extra commercium)으로 선언함으로서 우주에 대한 영유권 문제를 종식시켰다는 점에서 큰 의미를 찾을 수 있다. 우주조약이 제정된지 반세기가 되어가는 시점에서 우주조약에서 규정하고 있는 조항 중 우주활동은 모든 국가들의 이익을 위한다는 원칙(제1조), 외기권 우주의 자유로운 탐사와 이용(제1조), 전유화금지(제2조)와 타국의 권리존중(제9조)은 조약법은 물론 모든 국가들을 구속하는 국제관습법과 '강행규범'(jus cogens)으로까지 발전된 조항이라고 할 수 있다. 특히 우주조약은 투명성과 개방성을 규범적으로 요구하고 있다. 이것은 우주활동이 '전세계적 공공 이익'(global public interest)과 관련되어 있음을 시사하고 있다. 이러한 우주에서의 '전세계적 공공이익'에 대한 원리는 국제공동체에게 '대세적 의무'(obligation erga omnes)를 부과하고 있는데, 우주를 모든 인류의 영역이라고 선언한 점, 우주에서의 협력의 의무, 우주비행사를 인류의 사절이라고 한 점, 우주활동에서 해로운 오염을 피하라고 한 점, 우주활동을 국가, 사적 실체 그리고 정부간 조직체(IGOs)로 제한한 점, 우주활동으로 인한 손해배상에 대한 절대책임원칙, 우주에서의 핵무기 및 대량파괴무기 배치 금지, 우주활동의 공개성과 투명성 그리고 국제우주제도의 보편적 적용 등이 이를 뒷받침 해주고 있다. 현재 우주조약의 해석을 두고 많은 논란이 있는 조항들이 있고 제정당시 예상 못했던 우주기술의 발달과 상업화로 인해 보충해야 할 주제도 많이 생겨나서 현재 COPUOS 내에서 1979년 달조약을 포함한 현행 우주관련 5개 조약의 지위검토를 법률소위원회에 의제로 포함시킬 것을 제의하여 1998년 제37차 법률소위원회부터 정식으로 승인받아 현재까지 논의되고 있다. 그러나 필자는 '우주법선언'의 내용들이 이미 국제관습법으로 굳어 졌으며, 이를 거의 반영한 우주조약의 상당부분 조항들이 이제는 국제관습법화 되었고, 심지어는 강행규범(jus cogens)이 된 조항들도 있다는 면에서 우주조약의 성과는 국제법상 매우 큰 의미를 지녔다고 평가하고 싶다. 앞으로 우주조약 이외에 우주관련세부조약들로도 해결하지 못하는 분야들은 COPUOS나 UN을 통하여 보완적인 결의와 선언들로 계속 반영되어야 할 것이며 만일 별도의 조약제정이 불가능하다면 적당한 시기에 우주조약을 포함하여 세부조약의 개정을 통하여 또는 추가의정서를 만들어 보완하면 좋을 것이라고 생각한다. 우주조약은 그 개념들의 모호성 때문에 수많은 학자들로부터 비난을 받아왔지만 그럼에도 불구하고 계속 존속해 왔다는 사실을 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. 현재 우주폐기물과 관련하여 "IADC 우주폐기물 경감 가이드라인", COPUOS의 "우주폐기물감축 가이드라인", 세계국제법협회(ILA)의 "우주폐기물로 인한 피해로부터 환경을 보호하기 위한 국제협약 초안" 등이 우주조약을 보완하고 있고, 분쟁해결에 관하여 세계국제법협회(ILA)가 1998년 타이페이(Taipei) 회의에서 채택한 "우주법분쟁해결에 관한 협약안"을 제시한 바 있고, 2011년 중재재판소(PCA)가 "우주활동관련 분쟁의 중재재판에 관한 선택규칙"을 제정하고, 2012년 우주활동관련 분쟁의 중재재판관을 새롭게 임명하였다는 점은 우주법이 계속 발전되어 가고 있다는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 한편 UNIDROIT(국제사법통일기구)에서는 우주자산의 구입 및 조달에 필요한 담보금 거래시 국제적으로 통일된 담보거래 규칙을 위한 "이동장비국제담보권협약에 대한 우주자산의정서"는 우주조약이 해결하지 못하고 있는 분야는 별도의 조약체결을 통하여도 보완되고 있다는 가능성을 보여주고 있는 것이다.
According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.