• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.113-116
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• 1986

Spectral behaviors of cationic dyes, methylene blue(MB) and acridine orange(AO), with varying concentrations of sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) were studied. At low concentration of SDS(<1mM), these dyes formed insoluble dye-surfactant aggregates. When [SDS] is 4-5 mM, the aggregates were dissolved into mixed micelles of constant composition. At higher concentration of [SDS], the composition of mixed micelles were changed with [SDS], resulting only monomeric form of dyes in micelles. AO-SDS system showed greater aggregating and less dissolving properties, and weaker effect of salt than MB-SDS system did. These were attributed to the greater hydrophobic nature of the former dye. The monomer/dimer ratios of dyes in mixed micelles at given [SDS] were greatest at $20^{\circ}C$, reflecting the dependency of CMC of the surfactant on temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1248-1256
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of behind $SO_2$ formation and elevated cause of reducing power in purple bamboo salt (PBS) along with an analysis of physicochemical properties, content of sulfur compounds, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), mineral contents of salt type (MSS, mudflat solar salt; BS, bamboo salt), and addition of raw bamboo (RB). $SO_2$ content of 630 ppm was detected in PBS. $SO_2$ was not detected in MSS, BS, or RB, whereas $SO_2$ (782 ppm) from $K_2SO_4$ was detected after heating a NaCl, KCl, $MgCl_2$, $MgSO_4$, MgO, $CaCl_2$, $K_2SO_4$, and $FeSO_4$ with RB. $SO_2$ content of BS increased with baking time, and it originated from BSRB1 (13.88 ppm) to BSRB4 (109.13 ppm). $SO_3{^{2-}}$ originated only from MSSRB4 and BSRB2~BSRB4. Sulfate ion content decreased along with increasing $SO_2$ and sulfite ion contents. ORP increased with baking time of MSS and BS, and it was present at higher levels in BSRB4 (-211.40 mV) of BS than MSS. Insoluble content was higher in BS than MSS. Further, Ca, K, and Mg ion contents decreased in MSS and increased in BS with baking time. BSRB4 had 1.4 fold higher levels of Ca, 1.5 fold higher levels of Mg, and 1.8 fold higher levels of K than BS. Li, Al, Mn, Fe, and Sr in MSS as well as Al, Fe, and Ni in BS increased with baking time. Anions (Cl, $NO_3$, and Br) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) between MSS and BS were not significantly different. These results suggest that the reducing power of BS was due to $SO_2$ and sulfite ion. To increase the amounts of these compounds and reducing power, higher melting temperature and longer baking time are necessary along with BS, which is created by the addition of RB to roasted salt.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.613-624
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• 2004

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of fat supplementation with divalent ions such as MgO and $CaCl_2$ on 1) in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics and insoluble fatty acid formation, and on 2) animal performance in finishing Hanwoo bulls. In in vitro trial, five different types of diets based on supplementation sources of fat and divalent ions, i.e. T=basal diet+4% tallow, T-Ca=T+0.5% $CaCl_2$, T-Mg=TA+0.5% MgO, T-MgCa = T +0.5% $CaCl_2$+0.5% MgO, T-caS =4% Ca salt tallow, were tested. Higher pH values were observed at 6 hr incubation(P<0.01) while higher amount of VFA were produced in diets 4 and 5 at 12 hr incubation(P<0.05). Nutrients(DM, OM, Crude protein and NDF) degradation tended to increase in divalent ions or Ca-salts treated tallow treatments compared with tallow treatment after 12 h. The amount of insoluble fatty acid increased by adding MgO or $CaCl_2$ to tallow or Ca soap tallow during incubation(P<0.05). In in vivo trial, thirty finishing Hanwoo(average BW 460kg) were divided into three groups based on fat sources and divalent ions, i.e. Control(EE 2.40), T-MgCa = control + tallow + $CaCl_2$ + MgO, T-CaS = control + Ca soap tallow (EE 5.30%). After feeding each diet for 80 days, average daily weight gain showed 0.89, 1.02, 1.17kg in diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest feed efficiency was observed(0.12) in diet 2 group, followed by diet 3 (0.10) and 1 groups(0.08; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results could be sununarized that the performance of Hanwoo bulls was improved by tallow with divalent ions without any negative effect on rumen fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2006

To develop multifunctional microbial inoculant, an insluble phosphate-solubilizing bacterium with antifungal activity was isolated from plant rhizospheric soil. On the basis of its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics and Biolog analysis, this bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens RAF15. P. fluorescens RAF15 showed antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions for the solubilization of insoluble phosphate by P. fluorescens RAF15 were 1.5% of glucose, 0.005% of urea, 0.3% $MgCl_2{\cdot}6H_2\;0.01%\;of\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O\;0.01%,\;of\;CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, and 0.05% of NaCl along with initial pH 7.0 at $30^{\circ}C$. The soluble phosphate production under optimum condition was 863 mg/L after 5 days of cultivation. The solubilization of insoluble phosphates was associated with a drop in the pH of the culture medium. P. fluorescens RAF15 showed resistance against different environmental stresses like $10-35^{\circ}C$ temperature, 1-4% salt concentration and pH 2-11 range. The strain produced soluble phosphate to the culture broth with the concentrations of 971-1121 mg/L against $CaHPO_4$, 791-908 mg/L against $Ca_3(PO_4){_2}$, and 844 mg/L against hydroxyapatite, respectively. However, the strain produced soluble phosphate to the culture broth with the concentrations of 15 mg/L against $FePO_4$, and 5 mg/L against $AlPO_4$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1450-1458
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• 2005

Quality characteristics of mul-kimchi prepared using eastern deep seawater added with $0.1\%$ chitosan-ascorbate (CA) were investigated during fermentation for 12 days at $10^{\circ}C$, in an effort to effectively utilize the eastern deep seawater in Korea. Four water sources were considered for preparation of mul-kimchi; (1)distilled water added with $1\%$ mineral salt (DW), (2) eastern deep seawater (containing $6\%$ salt) diluted to $1\%$ salt concentration with distilled water (ED), (3) DW+CA (DW-CA), and (4) ED+CA (ED-CA). Juice of mul-kimchi prepared with ED-CA as a water source showed higher PH and antioxidant activity, and lower acidity, total microbe numbers, turbidity and alcohol insoluble substance compared with those Prepared with other three water sources. The former also showed higher overall acceptability compared with the latter. This study demonstrated the possibility of use of eastern deep seawater added with chitosan-ascorbate as a water source for extension of shelf-life of mul-kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.312-317
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• 2005

Chemical composition, and mineral and heavy metal contents of Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts (1-5-year-old) were determined. Moisture contents (Yeomsan, 6.07-17.02%; Baekso, 4.29-16.15%) and pH (Yeomsan, 5.92-6.31; Baekso, 5.52-6.23) decreased as age of salts increased, while NaCl contents (Yeomsan, 80.35-92.74%; Baekso, 81.06-94.58%) increased with increasing storage period of salts. Older salts had lower content of water-insoluble matters. Nitrate content was not affected by aging of salts, whereas nitrite content was lower in older salts. Sulfate content of sun-dried salt decreased with aging of salt. Average concentrations (ppm wet weight) of major minerals in Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts were: Mg, Mg, 1002-119; K, 1062-3411; Ca, 1503-3437; Li, 25-101; Ge, 8.35-0.21; Si, 43.99-6.48; and Mn, 6.79-1.55. Mineral content generally decreased with salt aging. Among heavy metals, Hg was not detected in all salts, and Cd (0.02-0.04ppm) was not affected by storage period. Pb was not detected in 5-year-old salts. Older salts showed brighter color than younger ones.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1993

To extract insoluble proteins of sesame meal residue by using microorganism, the sesame meal residue was treated with crude enzyme solution from Bacillus sp. CW-1121. It was found that the solubility reached to maximum at pH 7.5, $45^{\circ}C$. Under optimum condition, the nitrogen solubility with the enzyme solution from Bacillus sp. CW-1121 reached to 60% in 2 hours. Nitrogen solubility of protein from sesame meal showed minimum value at pH 4.5 and significantly increased above pH 6.0. When the protein from sesame meal extracted with Bacillus sp. CW-1121 was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, water soluble protein was showed 4 bands and salt soluble protein was showed 2 bands. The amino acid composition of water soluble protein, salt soluble protein and free amino acid indicated relatively high contents of serine (17.24 mg/g), glutamic acid (10.77 mg/g) and glutamic acid (6.55 mg/g). Specially, the contents of essential amino acids were high.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.458-472
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• 2017

The optical properties and direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) of different aerosol components in $PM_{2.5}$ (water-soluble, insoluble, black carbon (BC), and sea-salt) were estimated using the hourly resolution data measured at Aewol intensive air monitoring site on Jeju Island during 2013, based on a modeling approach. In general, the water-soluble component was predominant over all other components with respect to its impact on the optical properties(except for absorbing BC) and DARF. The annual mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500 nm for the water-soluble component was $0.14{\pm}0.14$ ($0.04{\pm}0.01$ for BC). The total DARF at the surface ($DARF_{SFC}$) and top of the atmosphere ($DARF_{TOA}$), and in the atmosphere ($DARF_{ATM}$) for most aerosol components(except for sea-salt) during the daytime were highest in spring and lowest in fall and/or summer. The maximum $DARF_{SFC}$ of most aerosol components occurred around noon (12:00~14:00 LST) during all seasons, while the maximum $DARF_{TOA}$ occurred in the afternoon (13:00~16:00 LST) during most seasons (except for spring). In addition, the estimated $DARF_{SFC}$ and $DARF_{ATM}$ of the water-soluble component were -20 to $-59W/m^2$ and +3.5 to $+14W/m^2$, respectively, while those of BC were -18 to $-29W/m^2$ and +23 to $+37W/m^2$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 1992

The unique cell wall micropores of pulp fiber can be utilized as loading site in variety of important practical application which could be the basis of new papermaking technologies. One of these includes the manufature of paper containing higher levels of in situ filler precipitated. Hardwood pulp fiber were first impregnated with the solution of sodium carbonate($Na_2CO_3$). The micropores in cell wall of pulp fibers were filled with the liquid salt solution. The second calcium nitrate($Ca(NO_3)_2$) solution formed an insoluble calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$) precipitate within the cell wall micropores by interacting with the first sodium carbonate solution. The effects of chemical concentration and dryness of pulp fibers on the retention of cell wall micropore loaded filler were investigated. The paper properties of cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers were compared with those of conventionally loaded and lumen loaded pulp fibers. Also the presense of the fillers within the cell wall micropore was observed by SEM. Increasing the chemical concentration to generate the calcium carbonate increased the retention of filler in cell wall micropore loaded pulp fibers. The particle size distribution of precipitated calcium carbonate ranged from $0.1{\mu}m$ to $80{\mu}m$. But, the average particle size of cell wall micropore loaded calcium carbonate was $4{\mu}m$. The paper made from never dried pulp fibers, the cell wall micropores which were filled with calcium carbonate, had better mechanical and optical properties than those of conventionally loaded or lumen loaded pulp fibers.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.419-427
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• 1996

To solubilize practically insoluble biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB), which has been used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis as tablets or hard capsules, the solubilities of DDB in various hydrophilic, oily and hydrocarbon vehicles, and aqueous surfactant solutions were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that, among the vehicles studied, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300 revealed the best solvency, and the solubility reached 17.6 mg/ml at 37$^{\circ}C$. The addition of glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt (GAA) to DDB-PEG 300 solution (5-20 mg/g) inhibited the formation of precipitates, and at the concentration of 10 mg/g, any precipitaction was not observed even after 2 years at 4$^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, GAA markedly enhanced the permeation of DDB through the rabbit duodenal mucosa in a concentration dependent manner. The addition of copolyvidone (ca. 1.0%) to DDB-GAA-PEG 300 system (1 : 0.5 97.5 w/w) was most effective in preventing the considerable precipitation of DDB-PEG 300 solution (7.5 mg/750 mg) when mixed with water of 300-900 ml at 37$^{\circ}C$. GAA showed a synergistic effect in the prevention of precipitate formation. This finding suggests that this DDB formulation may form less precipitation when DDB soft capsules disintegrate and diffuse into the gastrointestinal fluid, resulting in improving the bioavailability Dissolution rate of DDB (7.5 mg) from sort elastic capsules of DDB-GAA-PEG 300 system was rapid. The supersaturation state was maintained for 2 hr at the concentration of 7.35$\pm$3.3 mg in 900 ml of water without precipitation. The total amount of DDB dissolved from this new formulation was 5.3 and 6.1 times higher, when compared to marketed DDB tablets (25 mg) and capsules (7.5 mg), respectively.