• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2002

The success of sericulture industry in India is mainly attributed to the well-planned annual sericultural activity and the systematic implementation of pest preventive and control measures. The insect spectrum of silkworm and its food plants is complex and plays a major role in limiting the production of silk. Insects cause extensive damage to plant whereas predators and parasites either kill the silkworm larvae or force them to spin flimsy cocoons. Unilateral control measure against this pest is mainly based on the use of synthetic organic insecticides. Though these approaches initially paid rich dividends, the undesirable consequences soon surfaced. Insecticide induced resurgence of gall midges, leafhopper, leaf roller, secondary pest out breaks and development of pest biotypes has led to realization of Integrated Pest Management in sericulture. Various components of IPM, viz. Host plant resistance, cultural practices, biological control, chemical control and integrating them at various technological levels have been studied. Sources of host plant resistance have been identified for some of the major insect pests. High yielding mulberry variety has been propagated and their resistances towards major pests have been recorded. Cultural practices like pruning, pollarding, judicious use of nitrogen, optimum spacing and weed management have preyed to be the powerful tools in containing pests. Natural control over the pest population build- up exerted by the wide range of parasitoids, predators and pathogens has been well documented with identification of natural enemies and studies on their potential. Augmentation, through inoculation or inundative releases of parasitic arthropods, is the most direct way of increasing the numbers of these beneficials in sericulture.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 1994

These studles were conducted to investigate the development of chem~cal resistance and cross.resista. nce m dlarnondback moth (Piuteiia xylostella L). The resistance development of diamondback moth greatly vaned under single selection of five insectlades. The tnflumuron and lambda cyhalothnn strains at 8th selected generation showed 374- and 29.l.fold resistant levels. respectively, as compared with the susceptible strain. However, the Baciilus thuringiensis-seleded at 8th selected generatLon exhibited 240-fold resistant level. and the prothiophos-selected at 8th generation revealed 14.3-fold resistant !eve1 while the cartap hydrochloride-selected at 8th generailon showed 9.1-fold resistant level Prothiophos- selected strain showed low cross-resistance level to cartap hydrochloride, while this strain exhibited no cross-resistance of 1.3 to 2.8-fold to other msectlcides. Cartap hydrochlonde- seleded strain showed 19.9-fold. a high cross-resistance to lambda cyhalothrin, but this strain showed 2.2-34 fold, no cross resistance to other insecticide. Lambda cyhalothnn-selected strain exhibited cross-resistance to cartap hydrochlolide and prothiophas. Triflumuron-seleded strain showed 1.3-4.9 fold. no cross-resistance to other ~nsectic~dTe he B. ihuring~ensis-selededs train showed no cross-resistance to other insecticides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2015

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, overwinters in some protected areas in Korea. Using a sex pheromone trap, the adults were monitored since the occurrence of the overwintering populations. In Andong, P. xylostella exhibited four adult peaks in a year. Biological characters, such as cold tolerance, insecticide susceptibility, and developmental rate, were analyzed and showed a significant variation among different local overwintering populations. Population genetic variation was assessed with molecular markers, in which the initial high genetic variation among the overwintering populations decreased with the progress of seasons. These results suggests that there may be a significant migration of P. xylostella to decrease the genetic variation among the different local populations that are different in biological characters.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.2 s.63
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• pp.79-83
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• 1985

Plant damages and yields of the different rice cultivars to brown planthopper (BPR), Nilaparvata lugens S., were observed for the evaluation of varietal resistance in paddy fields. Twenty nine Korean cultivas were transplanted in paddy fields with three plots of no insecticide, no insecticide and fungicide, and no fungicide at Haenam, southern coastal area in 1983. Among 6 varieties with BPR resistant genes, Samgang, Gaya, Hangangchal, and Cheongcheong showed very low populations of BPR and no damages on all treatments. Milyang 30 and Wonpung among them had considerable populations of BPR. Seokwang and 23 others showed high populations and serious damages. Yield increasea(%) with insecticides were low on Gaya(12%), Samgang(29%) and Hangangchal(35%), but very high on Bongkwang(260%), Palgueum(223%), Songjeon(200%), and Guanauk(200%).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 1994

The german cockroach, Blattello germanica L, populations were successively selected with dlchlowos for 11 generations. The resulting selected shin was investigated the resistance development. the cross resistance and the esterase actim@. In the dichlowos-selected(Rd) strain, the values of LCs increased 858 times more compared to the susceptible (S) strain. In the dich!o~vos-selected (Rd) strains, the cross-res~stance to chlorpyrifos, propoxur, fenvalerate and pemethnn showed 3.35. 4.09. 283 and 2.00 times. Esterase.activity of the Rd strain showed 1.33 times higher than that of the S strain in the filter paper test. In comparison of zymogram paitems of the estemse isoryme by thin agarose gel electrophoresis against the german cockroach, the S strain was separated by 4 bands uf esterase 3, 5, 6 and 8 bands and the Rd strain was separated by 6 bands of esterase 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8 bands, and the resistant mechanisms of the Rd strain were considered as the 4 bands of esterase-1.2.4 and 7 bands except the common 2 bands of esterase.6 and 8 bands.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.77-87
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• 2015

Insects are commonly infected by fungal diseases and are mostly susceptible to them. Increasing levels of insecticide resistance has recently become an issue for control programs; thus, research has focused on mosquito control using entomopathogenic fungi, including fungal pathogens such as Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lagenidium giganteum. Review discusses entomopathogenic fungi related to control programs for mosquito transmitted vector-borne diseases such as dengue, filariasis, malaria, and yellow fever, and how to use entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2017

This study was conducted to monitor the insecticidal susceptibility of western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis, which damage horticultural crops in the Gyeonggi area. Bioassays were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions by using the recommended concentrations of commercial insecticides being used for the control of thrips. Neonicotinoid insecticides, especially acetamiprid (8%) soluble powder (SP), clothianidin (8%) SC, imidacloprid (10%) wettable powder (WP) and thiacloprid (10%) water dispersible granule (WG) were not toxic to F. occidentalis collected from horticultural crops. However, F. occidentalis collected from vegetable greenhouses was extremely susceptible to acetamiprid + spinetoram (6 + 4%) suspension concentration (SC), clothianidin + spinetoram (6 + 4%) SC and methoxyfenozide + spinetoram (6 + 4%) SC, which resulted in over 90% control of thrips. In the greenhouse test, spinetoram (5%) WG, which caused 100% F. occidentalis mortality in the laboratory test, showed 87.4, 88.0, and 98.3% control at 3, 6, and 9 days after treatment, respectively, while imidacloprid (10%) WP showed below 44% control. From the results of this study, spinosin insecticides, such as more than over 4 and 10% of spinetoram and spinosad, and pyrrole insecticide, such as 5% chlorfenapyr, are recommended for the effective control of F. occidentalis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.348-353
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• 1993

The fluctuation of insecticide resistance in the green peach aphid (GPA) in fields was investigated by caboxy1 esterase (CE) activity index analysis. Of the GP A Populations occurred on the red pepper seedlings, aphids in the untreaLed and treaLed with acephate plots showed 40 and 78 resistance percent (RP), respectively. Aphids in the untreated kale field showed the RP value 24 in July, contrast to 83 in October. Mean RPs of aphids from 18 localities were 50 + 14 in summer and B2+ 10 in late fall, indicating a seasonal fluctuation of Lhe CE activity.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2011

Considering that the world population is expected to total 9 billion by 2050, it will clearly be necessary to sustain and even accelerate the rate of improvement in crop productivity. In the 21st century, we now face another, perhaps more devastating, environmental threat, namely climate change, which could cause irreversible damage to agricultural ecosystem and loss of production potential. Enhancing intrinsic yield, plant abiotic stress tolerance, and pest and pathogen resistance through agricultural biotechnology will be a critical part of feeding, clothing, and providing energy for the human population, and overcoming climate change. Development and commercialization of genetically engineered crops have significantly contributed to increase of crop yield and farmer's income, decrease of environmental impact associated with herbicide and insecticide, and to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from this cropping area. Advances in plant genomics, proteomics and system biology have offered an unprecedented opportunities to identify genes, pathways and networks that control agricultural important traits. Because such advances will provide further details and complete understanding of interaction of plant systems and environmental variables, biotechnology is likely to be the most prominent part of the next generation of successful agricultural industry. In this article, we review the prospects for modification of agricultural target traits by genetic engineering, including enhancement of photosynthesis, abiotic stress tolerance, and pest and pathogen resistance associated with such opportunities and challenges under climate change.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.338-344
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• 1992

This test has been carried out to clear the effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides to the Diamond back moth, that was complained by a farmer. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Effectiveness of Pyrethroids to suceptable strain and the results of chemical anaysis on the ingredients of pyrethroikds were normal at recommended concentrations. The effect ualue of pyrethroid by which the blocks were only one time treated was 57-59%, whereas the blocks sprayed 4 consecutive times of pyrethroid didn't show any effectiveness as shown in larval increasing rate of 489-552%. Among the results of field test conducted from 1990 to 1991 at 7 area, Dae Gu area showed the highest Effectiveness as 95-98%. However, Pyong Taek area, showed the least effectiveness as 0% in effect value. The resistant population which was collected at Tae kwan Ryung area was resurrected susceptability as much as JMC, in case of Placing it in non-treatment environment, whereas the pupulation which was revealed to pyrethroids for 6 genetations showed as much as 341-544 times of resistance compared with JMC. The non-effectiveness of pyrethroids to Diamondback moth which was complainted by a certain farmer named Mr Ju, was clearly resulted by the development of insect resistance. In Korea, the resistance of Diamondback moth to pyrethroids has developed in some area, as well as the resistance of pyrethroids has developed according to the continuous use of Insecticides, and the susceptability resurrected by stopping the use of pyrethroids. The result from this test would suggest that the pyrethroid insecticides should be applied in turb with other insecticides.