• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 1995

To select a carrier as Rhizobiwn inoculants for alfalfa, severeal Rhizobium inoculants were produced by adding or not sub-materials($CaCO_3$ and sucrose) to main materials(organic or inorganic materials). The root nodule bacteria, Rhizobium meliloti 1061 distributed from KAIST, and Vemal alfalfa was used in this experiment. The Rhizobium populations and inoculation effects of the Rhizobium inoculants produced in several materials were scrutinized at laboratory and greenhouse in Livestock Experiment Station, RDA from 1993 to 1994. Moisture contents of the caniers were varied from 32 to 50% on dry weight basis according to material characteristics and the pH ranges of these were varied from pH 4.56 to 10.06 according to raw material characteristics and preparations. Initial Rhizobium numbers of the carriers were higher in organic material-inoculants than in inorganic, and among the inoculants, the inoculant made of Bentonite+Vermiculite(l:3 w/w) was excellent because of high rhizobium population($7.8~8.3\times10^8/g$ inoculant) and high rhizobium reappearance of inoculant in severed different production time. The root nodules of the alfalfa inoculated with different inoculants were fast formed in the fermented sawdust with cattle dung (FSC) inoculant, and bentonite(B)+vermiculite(V) than others. Plant length of alfalfa was differentiated on 15 days after inoculation but was not nearly different between higher inoculants than rhizobium number $10^7/g$ inoculant. Total dry matter of alfalfa was yielded by 20.65, 20.34mg per pot in FSC + sucrose 0.5% and B + V + sucrose 1% inoculants respectively that were higher inoculation effect by 17 times compared with non-inoculation, 1.2 mg per pot.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 1995

'Ihis experiment was carried out to select a carrier as rhizobium inoculant for alfalfa. The Rhizobium inoculants were produced in main materials(organic and inorganic materials) and submaterial(Ca$CO_3$, and sucrose), and than the changes of Rhizobium population of inoculants were scrutinized from directly after the production to 12 months at $4^{\circ}$C and $25^{\circ}$C. Directly after the production of inoculants, their Rhizobium numbers were 4-9 $\times$ $10^9$/ginoculant in organic materials and 1-8 $\times$ $10^8$/g inoculant in inorganic materials. When they were stored at $25^{\circ}$C, most of inoculants was being started in reduction of rhizobium numbers after 2 months and was reduced by tenfold of initial rhizobium number after 4-6 months, but inoculant of bentonite+ vermiculite+sucrose 1% was not reduced by tenfold after 12 months. When they were stored at $4^{\circ}$C, most of inoculants was being started in reduction of rhizobium numbers after 4 months but was not reduced by tenfold of initial rhizobium number after 12 months, and the effect of sucrose addition to bentonite+ vermiculik did nearly not appear. Preservation of Rhizobium inoculants was more effective at 4C than 25 C . 'Ihe Rhizobium inoalant produced in bentonite+vermiculite(l:3 w/w)+ sucrose 1% was not only high Rhizobium population(8.3 $\times$ $10^8$/g inoculant) but also survival effect of rhizobium in being stored at $25^{\circ}$C.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.54-60
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• 2002

The Wastewater of toilet paper mill recycling recovered milk carton was used as a raw material for this study. According to the actual mill conditions, hydraulic retention time was adjusted to 12 hours and F/M (Food/Micro-organism) ratio was adjusted to 0.23. Temperature of aeration basin was varied from 2$0^{\circ}C$ to 5$0^{\circ}C$. The change of Micro-organisms and removal efficiency of pollutant were investigated at the varied temperature of basin. Aeration basin using high thermal microbial inoculants showed more removal efficiency of SS, COD than aeration basin using conventional microbial inoculants at high temperature. Floc consolidation of aeration basin using high thermal microbial inoculants added sludge was better than that of sludge from aeration basin using conventional microbial inoculants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2007

A $3{\times}3$ factorial design experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and duration of storage on the fermentation quality of potato pulp ensiled with two fungal inoculants under laboratory conditions. The inoculants, Rhizopus oryzae (R) and Amylomyces rouxii (A) were each added to potato pulp material to contain at least $1{\times}10^6$ CFU/g fresh matter, and silages without additives served as controls. The silages were stored under three temperature regimes; 4, 12 and $25^{\circ}C$. Three silos per treatment from every temperature regime were opened on days 7, 24 and 40 days after ensiling to investigate treatment effects on fermentation quality, starch and sugar concentrations. Increase in temperature and duration of storage had a positive significant effect (p<0.01) on the fermentation quality of potato pulp silage (PPS). The inoculants had little effect (p>0.05) on the fermentation quality of the silages. Sugar concentration in the silages decreased with increase in temperature (p<0.01) but increased (p<0.05) with progression of duration of storage. The fungal inoculants had no effect on starch degradation in PPS. The results suggest that storage temperature and duration of storage are more important in determining the rate of fermentation than addition of the fungal inoculants in PPS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.977-983
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• 2009

The survival and effect of three new probiotic inoculants (Lactobacillus plantarum CCM 4000, L. fermentum LF2, and Enterococcus faecium CCM 4231) on the nutritive value and fermentation parameters of corn silage was studied under laboratory conditions. Whole corn plants (288.3 g/kg DM) were cut and ensiled at $21^{\circ}C$ for 105 days. The inoculants were applied at a concentration of $1.0{\times}10^{9}$ cfu/ml. Uninoculated silage was used as the control. The chopped corn was ensiled in 40 plastic jars (1 L) divided into four groups (4${\times}$10 per treatment). All corn silages had a low pH (below 3.55) and 83-85% of total silage acids comprised lactic acid after 105 days of ensiling. The probiotic inoculants in the corn silages affected corn silage characteristics in terms of significantly (p<0.05-0.001) higher pH, numerically lower crude protein content and ratio of lactic to acetic acid compared to control silage. However, the inoculants did not affect the concentration of total silage acids (acetic, propionic, lactic acids) as well as dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of corn silages in vitro. In the corn silages with three probiotic inoculants, significantly (CCM 4231, CCM 4000) lower n-6/n-3 ratio of fatty acids was detected than in control silage. Significant decrease in the concentration of $C_{18:1}$, and significant increase in the concentration of $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ was mainly found in the corn silages inoculated with the strains E. faecium CCM 4231 and L. plantarum CCM 4000. At the end of ensiling, the inoculants were found at counts of less than 1.0 log10 cfu/g in corn silages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.218-221
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• 2002

Whole forage sorghum (saccharatum) cultivar FS5 was harvested at the soft dough ($303{\pm}9g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) stage of maturity. The sorghum was chopped into approximately 20 mm pieces and ensiled under laboratory conditions in 1.5 L Weck glass jars. At ensiling, it was treated with two commercial silage inoculants: Pioneer 1188 (Inoculant A) and Eco-corn (Inoculant B). The inoculant A and B was applied at ca $2{\times}10^5$ or $2{\times}10^4$ colony forming units $g^{-1}$ DM., respectively. Silage with no additives served as a control. Three jars per treatment were opened on days 2, 4, 8, 15 and 60 post-ensiling to study fermentation dynamics. After 60 days of ensiling the silages were analyzed and subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days. Results showed that both inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decrease and a higher amount of lactic acid production. All the silages were well preserved and were stable upon exposure to air. Inoculants did not influence (p>0.05) the ash and total N contents, but tended to reduce acetic acid (p<0.05), butyric acid (p<0.01) and propionic acid (p<0.01) contents, and to increase the lactic acid content (p<0.01). The lower DM content of silages treated with Inoculant A agrees with the greater gas loss resulting from the DM loss, which was in good agreement with the higher yeast counts upon aerobic exposure. Silage treated with inoculant B had the highest DM (p<0.05) and lactic acid contents (p<0.01), and the lowest acetic acid content (p<0.05), which agrees with the rapid reduction of pH and smaller gas loss. Inoculant B reduced the ADF (p<0.01), ADL and NDF (p<0.05) contents, which also indicates smaller losses of organic soluble material. The control silages contained the highest levels of volatile fatty acids but no lactic acid, indicating secondary fermentation. It was concluded that both inoculants may improve the fermentation process, since silages from all treatments were stable upon aerobic exposure, noadvantage could be attributed to any of the inoculants used.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of maturity at harvest and inoculants on the quality of round baled rye(Secale cereale L.) silage at the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were 3 harvesting stages such as boot(20 April), heading(29 April), and flowering stages(14 May). The subplots wered inoculant treatments : control (untreated), inoculant A, and inoculant B. Acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage were significantly increased with delayed harvesting date, but there was not significant difference between inoculants. Mean silage pH at flowering stage was the lowest(4.35), but the highest at early harvest(4.91). Inoculants significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. Dry matter(DM) content of the control was higher than that of inoculants. Ammonia-N as proportion of total N was below 10% which was maximum level of high quality silage. The addition of inoculants reduced ammonia-N. There were significant difference in organic acid contents between harvesting stages and inoculants. Lactic acid was increased with inoculants, but acetic and butyric acids were decreased. Various treatments increased colony forming unit(CFU) of lactic acid bacteria by 2 or 3 times compared with the control and the highest at flowering stage with inoculant B treatment. Results of this study indicate that use of microbial inoculant and harvesting after heading stage will improve the silage fermentation and quality of round baled rye silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.483-493
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• 1996

Advances in silage technology, including precision chop forage harvesters, improved silos, polyethylene sheeting, shear cutting silo unloaders, and the introduction of total mixed rations, have made silage the principal method of forage preservation. A better understanding of the biochemistry and microbiology of the four phases of the ensiling process has also led to the development of numerous silage additives. Although acids and acid salts still are used to ensile low-DM forages in wet climates, bacterial inoculants have become the most widely used silage additives in the past decade. Commercial inoculants can assure a rapid and efficient fermentation phase; however, in the future, these products also must contribute to other areas of silage management, including the inhibition of enterobacteria, clostridia, and yeasts and molds. Nonprotein nitrogen additives have the problems of handling, application, and reduced preservation efficiency, which have limited their wide spread use. Aerobic deterioration in the feedout phase continues to be a serious problem, especially in high-DM silages. The introduction of competitive strains of propionic acid-producing bacteria, which could assure aerobically stable silages, would improve most commercial additives. New technologies are needed that would allow the farmer to assess the chemical and microbial status of the silage crop on a given day and then use the appropriate additive(s).

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.137-144
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• 2011

The effects of thickness, base element and inoculants on the number of eutectic cells and chill depth of gray cast iron plate casting were investigated. Meanwhile the number of eutectic cells increased by inoculation, chill depth decreased. The former decreased and the latter increased by holding the melt at the temperature range between 1,450 and $1,500^{\circ}C$. The former was more for the thinner casting with the thickness of 5 mm than the other. The result of thermal analysis coincided well with the change of macrostructure. The former increased and the latter decreased with the increased contents of carbon, silicon and the silicon content by inoculation. The former decreased and the latter increased with increased manganese content. The performance of the Superseed Extra was the best among 5 inoculants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.194-202
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Towards achievement of sustainable agriculture, using microbial inoculants may present promising alternatives without adverse environmental effects; however, there are challenging issues that should be addressed in terms of effectiveness and ecology. Viability and stability of the bacterial inoculants would be one of the major issues in effectiveness of microbial pesticide uses, and the changes within the indigenous microbial communities by the inoculants would be an important factor influencing soil ecology. Here we investigated the stability of the introduced bacterial strains in the soils planted with barley and its effect on the diversity shifts of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two different types of bacterial strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 were inoculated to the soils planted with barley. To monitor the stability of the inoculated bacterial strains, genes specific to the strains (XRE and mtrA) were quantified by qPCR. In addition, bacterial community analyses were performed using v3-v4 regions of 16S rRNA gene sequences from the barley rhizosphere soils, which were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq system and Mothur. Alpha- and beta-diversity analyses indicated that the inoculated rhizosphere soils were grouped apart from the uninoculated soil, and plant growth also may have affected the soil bacterial diversity. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the survival of the introduced non-native microbes, non-indigenous bacteria may influence the soil microbial community and diversity.