• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.385-400
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• 2016

Bearing capacity of open-ended piles depends largely on inner frictional resistance, which is influenced by the degree of soil plugging. While a fully-plugged open-ended pile produces a bearing capacity similar to a closed-ended pile, fully coring (or unplugged) pile produces a much smaller bearing capacity. In general, open-ended piles are driven under partially-plugged mode. The formation of soil plug may depend on many factors, including wall thickness at the pile tip (or inner pile diameter), sleeve height of the thickened wall at the pile tip and relative density. In this paper, we studied the effects of wall thickness at the pile base and sleeve height of the thickened wall at the pile tip on bearing capacity using laboratory model tests. The tests were conducted on a medium dense sandy ground. The model piles with different tip thicknesses and sleeve heights of thickened wall at the pile tip were tested. The results were also discussed using the incremental filling ratio and plug length ratio, which are generally used to describe the degree of soil plugging. The results showed that the bearing capacity increases with tip thickness. The bearing capacity of piles of smaller sleeve length (e.g., ${\leq}1D$; D is pile outer diameter) was found to be dependent on the sleeve length, while it is independent on the sleeve length of greater than a 1D length. We also found that the soil plug height is dependent on wall thickness at the pile base. The results on the incremental filling ratio revealed that the thinner walled piles produce higher degree of soil plugging at greater penetration depths. The results also revealed that the soil plug height is dependent on sleeve length of up to 2D length and independent beyond a 2D length. The piles of a smaller sleeve length (e.g., ${\leq}1D$) produce higher degree of soil plugging at shallow penetration depths while the piles of a larger sleeve length (e.g., ${\geq}2D$) produce higher degree of soil plugging at greater penetration depths.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.156-164
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• 1986

In the case of boiling on high temperature wall, vapor film covers fully or parcially the surface. This phenomenon, film boiling or transition boiling, is very important in the surface heat treatment of metal, design of cryogenic heat exchanger and emergency cooling of nuclear reactor. Mainly supposed hydraulic-thermal accidents in nuclear reactor are LCCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) and PCM (Power-Cooling Mismatch). Recently, world-wide studies on reflooding of high temperature rod bundles after the occurrence of the above accidents focus attention on wall temperature history and required time in transient cooling process, wall superheat at rewet point, heat flux-wall superheat relationship beyond the transition boiling region, and two-phase flow state near the surface. It is considered that the further systematical study in this field will be in need in spite of the previous results in ref. (2), (3), (4). The paper is the study about the fast transient cooling process following the wall temperature excursion under the CHF (Critical Heat Flux) condition in a forced convective subcooled boiling system. The test section is a vertically arranged concentric annulus of 800 mm long and 10 mm hydraulic diameter. The inner tube, SUS 304 of 400 mm long, 8 mm I.D, and 7 mm O.D., is heated uniformly by the low voltage AC power. The wall temperature measurements were performed at the axial distance from the inlet of the heating tube, z=390 mm. 6 chromel- alumel thermocouples of 76 .mu.m were press fitted to the inner surface of the heating tube periphery. To investigate the heat transfer characteristics during the fast transient cooling process, the outer surface (fluid side) temperature and the surface heat flux are computed from the measured inner surface temperature history by means of a numerical method for inverse problems of transient heat conduction. Present cooling (boiling) curve is sufficiently compared with the previous results.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2022

To develop high-efficiency lateral force resistance components for high-rise buildings, a novel energy dissipation shear wall with concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column elements was proposed. An energy dissipation shear wall specimen with CFST column elements (GZSW) and an ordinary reinforced concrete shear wall (SW) were constructed, and experimented by low-cycle reversed loading. The mechanical characteristics of these two specimens, including the bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation process, were analyzed. The finite-element model of the GZSW was established by ABAQUS. Based on this finite-element model, the effect of the placement of steel-plate energy dissipation connectors on the seismic performance of the shear wall was analyzed, and optimization was performed. The experiment results prove that, the GZSW exhibited a superior seismic performance in terms of bearing capacity, ductility, energy dissipation, and stiffness degradation, in comparison with the SW. The results calculated by the ABAQUS finite-elements model of GZSW corresponded well with the results of experiment, and it proved the rationality of the established finite-elements model. In addition, the optimal placement of the steel-plate energy dissipation connectors was obtained by ABAQUS.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.142-154
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 철근 콘크리트 터널 구조물을 해상 대기중 비래염분이 침투하는 터널 내벽과 해수에 항시 접촉하는 터널 외벽으로 구분하여, 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션에 의해 철근 부식 개시 확률을 예측하였다. 염해관련 변수의 변동성을 평가하기 위하여 염소이온 확산계수, 표면 염소이온농도, 피복두께, 임계 염소이온농도를 실제 실험 및 문헌 조사를 통해 확률특성을 구하였다. 그 결과 염소이온 확산계수의 평균치는 $3.77{\times}10^{-12}m^2/s$ 이었으며, 대상 부재인 터널 내벽과 외벽의 피복두께는 각각 45.5mm, 94.7mm으로 조사되었고, 임계 염소이온농도의 평균은 결합재 단위중량당 0.69%이었다. 각 변수의 확률적 특성에 근거하여 노출기간에 따른 철근위치에서의 염소이온 농도 분포를 구하였다. 재령이 증가할수록 침투 염소이온 농도의 평균값은 증가하며, 변동계수는 감소하게 됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 확률론적 염해 해석기법을 적용하여 콘크리트 터널 내벽과 외벽에 대해 내구수명 및 부식개시 확률을 평가하였다. 염소이온 침투의 시간의존성을 고려하지 않은 경우 터널 내벽과 외벽에 대해 각각 8년, 12년의 내구수명이 도출되었으나, 시간의존적 모델에서는 178년, 283년의 내구수명이 계산되어 구조물의 설계내구수명(100년)을 만족하고 있음을 보였다. 또한, 시간의존성을 고려하지 않은 경우 100년에서의 부식 개시 확률은 터널 내벽과 외벽에 대해 각각 59.5, 95.5%였으며, 시간의존성 모델에서는 2.9, 0.2%로 계산되었다. 따라서 구조물의 과다설계를 방지하고 보다 합리적인 내구수명 설계 및 평가를 위해서는 염소이온 확산의 시간의존성을 고려하여야 한다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서 문헌 조사를 통해 구한 부식 발생 임계 농도를 현재 콘크리트 관련 기준에 제시한 값과 비교하여 분석하였다.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-41
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• 2000

목적 : 보존적 치료에 반응하지 않는 슬개골전 점액낭염에 대하여 점액낭 내벽의 염색후 관절경을 이용한 절제술을 시행하여 고무적인 결과를 얻었기에 그 임상적 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 1996년 1월부터 1998년 10월까지 본 교실에서 치료받은 20세 이상의 슬개골전 점액낭염의 환자중 관절경적 절제술을 시행받은 환자 11명을 대상으로 하였다. 수술방법은 앙와위에서 점액낭내로 관절경을 삽입후 메틸렌 블루를 이용하여 내벽의 염색을 시도한후 shaver를 이용하여 내벽을 제거후 지속적 폐쇄 흡입기를 설치한후 압박 드레싱한후 보행을 허용하였다. 결과 : 모든 환자에서 동통을 수반한 반흔은 없었으며 수술 직후부터 보행이 가능하였으며, 추시 관찰중 1례에서 지연 감염이 있었다. 결론 : 관절경을 이용한 슬개골전 점액낭염의 치료는 합병증을 최소화 할 수 있으며, 특히 시술시 점액낭 내벽을 염색함으로써 병변 조직의 구별이 용이하여 슬개골전 점액낭염의 치료에 있어 좋은 술식으로 생각된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2001

Pneumocystis carinii causes serious pulmonary infection in immuno-suppressed patients. This study was undertaken to observe the cytoskeletal proteins of P. carinii by immune-electron microscopy. P. carinii infection was experimentally induced by immunosuppression of Sprague-Dawley rats for seven weeks, and their lungs were used for the observations of this study. The gold particles localized actin, tropomyosin, and tubulin. The actin was irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm of the trophic forms but was much more concentrated in the inner space of the cell wall of the cystic forms called the inner electron-lucent layer No significant amount of tropomyosin was observed in either trophic forms or cystic forms. The tubulin was distributed along the peripheral cytoplasm and filopodia of both the trophic and cystic forms rather than in the inner side of the cytoplasm. Particularly, in the cystic forms, the amount of tubulin was increased and located mainly in the inner electron-lucent layer of the cell wall where the actin was concentrated as well. The results of this study showed that the cell wall of P carinii cystic forms is a structure whose inner side is rich in actin and tubulin. The location of the actin and tubulin in P. carinii suggests that the main role of these proteins is an involvement in the protection of cystic forms from the outside environment by maintaining rigidity of the cystic forms.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제25권4_2호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2022

In this study, the flow characteristics according to the shape of the vortex nozzle was studied by numerical analysis and the amount of microbubble generation was measured experimentally. The shape of the vortex nozzle is cylindrical, diffuser, and conical type. The axial fluid velocity in the induced tube gradually increased from the inlet to the outlet. In particular, the fluid velocity in the nozzle part increased rapidly. The velocity distribution of the fluid at the inlet of the induced tube showed that the flow rotates counterclockwise in the outer region and the inner center of the induced tube. At the outlet of the induced tube, the cylindrical and conical type showed rotational flow, and the diffuser type showed irregular turbulent flow. The dimensionless pressure ratio 𝜂 of the inner region of the induced tube was lower than that of the outer region. Also, 𝜂 near the outlet of the induced tube in cylindrical and conical type showed a similar tendency to the inlet area. At the outer region of inlet of induced tube, intense vorticity was observed on the wall and in lower region. At the inner region of inlet of induced tube, intense vorticity was observed on the inner wall of the induced tube and in the central region of the inlet of the induced tube. At the outlet of induced tube, in the case of the cylindrical and conical type, intense vorticity was observed near the inner wall, the diffuser type showed irregular strong vorticity inside the tube. The total number of bubbles measured was the most in the cylindrical type, and the microbubbles less than 50mm occurred the most in the conical type.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2008

본 논문은 완전방호식 LNG 저장탱크의 9% 니켈강재 내부탱크에 대해 응력 및 변형거동 특성을 FEM으로 해석하였다. 내부탱크의 강도안전성을 확보하기 위해 기존 LNG 저장탱크에 유체정압, 초저온하중 등을 가할 경우, 취약부로 알려진 지역에 인장강선을 설치하였다. 기존의 9% 니켈강재 내부탱크와 내부탱크의 하단부에 인장강선을 설치한 탱크에 대한 FEM 해석결과에 의하면, 새롭게 설계한 내부탱크는 인장강선을 설치하지 않은 기존의 내부탱크에 비해 더 안전한 것으로 나타났다. FEM 해석결과에 따르면, 내부탱크의 강도안전성 향상을 위해 내부탱크의 하단부에 직경 50 mm를 갖는 $3{\sim}4$개의 인장강선을 설치할 것을 권장하였는데, 이것은 결국 내부탱크의 응력 및 변위량을 낮출 수 있다. 따라서, 내부탱크에 인장강선을 설치하는 것은 LNG 저장탱크의 강도안전성 확보를 위해 기존 내부탱크에서 도입한 스티프너와 톱거더를 대체한 또 다른 안전장치로 활용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1991

The atrichomatous wall of ovary in Calotropis procera becomes highly pubescent in the young fruit, but scabrous I the mature fruit. The single layered epicarp develops from the outer epidermis of the ovary wall. The mesocarp which develops from the mesodermis is distinguished into outer, middle and inner zones. The central mesocarp breaks up in the course of fruit development and disintegrate to form large air chambers. The 2-3 layered lignified endocarp develops from the inner epidermis as well as from the inner mesodermis layers of the ground tissue and shows a‘parquetry pattern’of cell arrangement in surface view. The parenchymatous becomes aerenchymatous in the mature fruit. Fruit dehiscence in marginicidal (ventricidal).

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.1254-1263
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 기관 실린더 사이의 거리와 기관 블럭의 외벽에 부착된 윈이 실린더내벽면 온도분포에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 2차원 정상.비정상 열전도 해석을 하였다. 물론 2차원 열전도 해석 결과는 전 실린더 블럭에 적용할 수 있는 것은 아니며 블럭의 상단과 하단 부근에서는 적용시키기 어렵고 중간 부근에서만 적용 할수 있는 것이지만, 2차원 해석을 통해서 격자의 수를 대단히 많이 늘일 수 있어서 그해의 정확도를 높힐 수 있기 때문에 실린더 사이의 간격과 휜의 크기 등이 실린더 내벽면 온도에 미치는 영향, 정상.비정상 해석의 차이점 등을 명확히 규명할 수 있는 잇점이 있어서 본 연구에서 채택하였다.따라서 본 해석 결과는 전 실린더에 대해서 국부적으로 적용될 수 있는 것이 아니라 전 실린더에서의 값에 대한 평균 값으로 이해 되어야 할 것이다.