• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 1992

Since the first sewage treatment plant was constructed in 1976, the sewerage systems of Korea have been rapidly expanded. As of the end of 1991, 22 sewage treatment plants with total capacity of 5.4 million tons/day are in operation which is equivalent of 3395 total daily sewage generation. Total extension of sewer 39.534 km in 1990 which is 55% of the target extension for the year 2001. However, the most sewage treatment plants employ activated sludge process which may not be suitable for medium and/or small scale plants. The poor existing sewer systems do not effectively collect and transport sewage to adversely affect the function of sewage treatment plant. To select the appropriate treatment system, the cities are classified into 3 categories such as large and medium size inland cities, small size cities and coastal cities. Considering the criteria suggested during this study, appropriate treatment processes were selected for each category. Conventional activated sludge process and step aeration process were found to be the most appropriate for big inland cities while biological nutrient removal processes should be considered for the cities discharge the effluent to lakes or reservoirs. RBC or Oxidation Ditch process might be appropriate for the medium size cities while several processes which do not require skilled operation and maintenance were suggested for the small cities. Ocean discharge after primary treatment can be considered for some east coast cities, Appropriate methodology to rehabilitate the existing sewers and strategy to convert combined sewer system to separate sewer system were proposed. This paper also include the appropriate management system for industrial wastewater, sludge and nightsoil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.13-31
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• 1997

Being situated at the key point of northeast asia, the port of Inchon as an entrance to the captial city, Seoul is expected to play in marine transportation in Korean Pennisular on the verge of its reunification. In this thesis, inner-lock physical disstribution system of the port was analyzed, which treats more than 82% of total incoming and outgoing cargoes. The overall findings are as follows; 1. In thet viewpoint of physical distribution system of the port, it takes disadvantages of accessing to inner lock berth due to such natural restrictions as tides, passing the lock and so on. And insufficient port facilities as a whole, causes delay in quay-handling, transfer and storage, also facing with serious congestion in inland transport on the road. 2. It was revealed that the port facilities are insufficient yet in spite of its improved productivity by means of raising the effectiveness of port operation and of installing advanced cargo handling facilities. 3. In order to enhance the effectiveness of inner port physical distribution system , the improvement of lock facilities, expansionof port facilities and more effective terminal operating system are crucial. 4. To ensure the measures to solve the above problem, existent outer-lock ports such as Inchon Sourthern-port and Northern-port are necessary to be redeveloped more positively , otherwise a new port at outskirt of the city should be developed to ensure free connection to inland transportation.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1765-1768
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• 2009

Honam area is one of the under-industrial areas in Korea and because of this it has low weight in the total container transportation in Korea. Also the railway distance from honam area to the main container ports like Busan port and Gwangyang port is so short that the portion of rail container transportation occupies about 10 percent in total container transportation amount in Honam area. But on the contrary of those situations, 1st step Jangsung inland container depot (ICD) was finished as one of the main logistics facilities in Korea and 2nd Jangsung inland container depot is under construction. To promote rail container transportation in Honam area which has shortage of container transportation demand, it is necessary to give adequate transport service to the client. So, this research studied some methods for promoting rail container transportation in Honam area. The subject of survey is freight agent and survey items are selected to find the present situation of rail container transportation in Honam area. And from the survey results various strategies will be suggested to promote rail container transportation in Honam area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.91-92
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• 2013

With development of port industry, inland transportation was also the developed. Connecting port with inland becomes more and more important. So studies about cargo flow from ports to regions are actively in progress. But freight statistics from regional to national has a problem that do not comprehend exactly with freight flow. Also these statistics don't reflect characteristics of multimodal transportation system. The objective of this paper is to analyze freight flow of container with the introduction of P/C and rebuilding freight statistics from regional to national scale.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

This paper has investigated the unreasonable pricing system for container cargo with special reference to inland transport since it is determined by administrative boundary without considering travelling distance. This research is primarily intended to improve the current pricing system by introducing a pricing support system about the container cargo in the country which applies GIS service area analysis to transportation data. Price simulation maps were generated to find out reasonable pricing strategy. Pricing alternative integrating travelling distance into administrative zoning brings about more desirable results than individual driving cost alone. The research can contribute to more reasonable pricing for the fuel consumption expense and serve as useful instruments for planning pricing system for container cargo. It is anticipated that this research output could be used as a valuable reference to increase the scientific and objective pricing for container cargo by overcoming serious constraints suffered from the past non-GIS-based approach.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.3268-3277
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• 2011

Uiwang ICD, which is the only inland container depot in the capital area, is equipped with modern facilities, and loading and unloading equipment, and can handle 1,000,000 TEU annually.It has many advantages such as advantageous conditions of location, the role of foothold for distribution transportation in the capital area, so it plays an important role of vitalizing the railroad transport. However, Uiwang ICD has reached the limit in the vitalization of railroad transport of containerized cargo due to the current problems in facilities and operations. This research analyzed the Uiwang ICD's problems by dividing them into facilities problems and operational problems, and presented short-term and medium and long-term improvement measures with the year 2023 when the private use permission expires as the basic year. However, the vitalization of railroad transport of Uiwang ICD can be attained only when it has support and cooperation from the government, Uiwang-si, Korea Rail Network Authority, and other related organizations together with efforts of Korea Railroad Corporation, and occupant companies. Such improvement measures for Uiwang ICD are expected to contribute to establishing combined transport system and forming efficient railroad distribution infrastructures and vitalizing railroad distribution, and also contribute to the government's low-carbon green growth policy by building environment-friendly transport system.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.285-296
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• 1995

The site of Korea Final Repository, KFR, to collect and dispose of radioactive wastes produced in nuclear power plants will be selected to seaside. As all the radwastes stored temporarily in the site of power plants should be transported by the sea, Nuclear Environmental Management Center, NEMAC, of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, KAERI, has been developing the sea transport system to secure safe and efficient transportation of the radwastes from the power plant sites to the final repository. Investigating the status of advanced techniques of foreign countries for transport vessels and considering inland circumstances, the technical criteria of the transport vessel have been suggested in this study. Therefore, all the radwastes will be transported safely by the sea, without releasing any radioactive material to environment even in the case of accident.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.261-283
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• 2013

ISBP745 has new provisions about sea waybill, road, rail or inland waterway transport documents which ISBP681 did not have provisions about. The main revisions of ISBP745 which were not existent or different from ICC Opinion are as follows: First, where B/L is required when multimodal transport is used as a modes of transport, the revisions stipulates that it is subject to UCP600 article19. this differs from previous ICC Opinion. Second, when a credit requires a transport document to indicate the name, address and contact details of a delivery agent, for the place of final destination or port of discharge, the address need not be one that is located at the place of destination or port of discharge or within the same country as that of the place of destination or port of discharge. Third, in case there exist a number of shippers and a consignee, multiple transport documents are issued. This rule has a clear stipulation on this case. Transport industry regards the indication of "LCL/FCL" or "CFS/CY" common in this case as that requiring multiple transport documents. However, ISBP745 does not regard it the case as that requiring multiple transport documents. This may cause some confusion in examination of documents. Forth, when partial shipment is allowed, and more than one set of original transport documents are presented as part of a single presentation made under one covering schedule and incorporate different dates of shipment, the earliest of these dates is to be used of the calculation of an presentation period.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-20
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• 1990

The Port of Pusan, the largest port in Korea, handled 23% of total sea borne cargo movement, 14% of imported cargo, 58% of exported cargo and 95% of container cargo in 1989. Also the port of Pusan has been played a key role in handing container cargo throughout the last 10 years. The paper is aimed to survey the effect of sea borne cargo movement to urban transportation, that is, to find traffic volume arising by general/bulk cargoes through the port and to estimate vehicle rated of container tractor tailer on the roads between terminal including conventional piers and ODCY, and finally the following results are obtained. (1) AADV of truck to transport general/bulk cargoes are 6,322 units in 1989,and routes penetrate into the center of city and pass through the most of urban arterials. (2) In the container transport, if HVEF is adopted to 3 of tractor trailer, AVR in each transport freeway 13.7%. (3) IF HVEF is adopted to 6 of tractor trailer. AVR are as follows: BooDoo-Ro 44.1%, WooAm-Ro 39.3%, SooYoung-Ro 17.8%, Urban freeway 20.3%. Based upon these results, the following suggestions were drawn : o ODCY scattered around the city should be unified in a few groups to raise port productivity. o Rail service for inland container transportation should be escalated to relieve urban traffic congestion. o Coastal feeder service between terminal and hinterland should be studied to restrict the penetration of container tractor trailer into the central parts in the urban areas. o Exclusive freeway system for effective container transportation should be implemented to reduce urban traffic delay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.753-763
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• 2022

In coastal and inland bays, where most of Korea's aquaculture is located, massive aquaculture damage occurs every year due to frequent anomalous high water temperatures. The interannual fluctuations of water temperature in July over the past four years (2018-2021) were the second largest since 1990 (after the period of 1994-1997) due to anomalous high temperatures, rainy seasons, and typhoons. Through analysis of heat flux and heat balance in areas of concern for high water temperatures (i.e., Cheonsu Bay, Gamak Bay, Guryongpo), the occurrence of high water temperatures in Cheonsu Bay and Gamak Bay in the summer seasons was confirmed to derive mainly from heat inflow through the sea surface from the air. Based on estimations of the average ocean heat transport rate in July for the four-year period of 2018-2021, Cheonsu Bay and Gamak Bay accounted for 13.5% and 62.3% outflow of the net heat flux, respectively. However, the ocean heat transport rate in Guryongpo Hajeong differed significantly from -174.5% to 132.5% of the net heat flux by year depending on the occurrence of cold water mass.