• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 2009

This research wished to risk type and examine closely driver special quality and relation of traffic accidents by occurrence type of traffic accidents and traffic accidents seriousness examine closely relation with Severity. Fractionate traffic accidents type by eight, and driver's special quality for risk group's classification did to distinction of sex, vehicle type, age etc. analyzed relation with injury degree adding belt used putting on availability for security the objectivity with wave. Used log-Linear model and Logit model for analysis of category data. A head-on collision and overtaking accident, right-turn accident are high injury or death accident and possibility to associate in relation with accident type and seriousness degree. In risk group analysis The age less than 20 years in motor-cycle driver, taxi driver in 41 years to 50 years old are very dangerous. The woman also was construed to the more risk group than man from when related to car, mini-bus, goods vehicle etc. Therefore, traffic safety education and Enforcement for risk group that way that can reduce accident that produce to reduce a loss of lives at traffic accidents appearance a head-on collision and overtaking accidents, right-turn accidents should be studied and as traffic accidents weakness class may have to be solidified.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.370-376
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• 2011

Objective : Posttraumatic cerebral infarction (PTCI), an infarction in well-defined arterial distributions after head trauma, is a known complication in patients with severe head trauma. The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical and radiographic characteristics of PTCI, and to assess the effect on outcome of decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) in patients with PTCI. Methods : We present a retrospective analysis of 20 patients with PTCI who were treated between January 2003 and August 2005. Twelve patients among them showed malignant PTCI, which is defined as PTCI including the territory of Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA). Medical records and radiologic imaging studies of patients were reviewed. Results : Infarction of posterior cerebral artery distribution was the most common site of PTCI. Fourteen patients underwent DHC an average of 16 hours after trauma. The overall mortality rate was 75%. Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) of survivors showed that one patient was remained in a persistent vegetative state, two patients were severely disabled and only two patients were moderately disabled at the time of discharge. Despite aggressive treatments, all patients with malignant PTCI had died. Malignant PTCI was the indicator of poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) at the admission was the most valuable prognostic factor. Significant correlation was observed between a GCS less than 5 on admission and high mortality (p<0.05). Conclusion : In patients who developed non-malignant PTCI and GCS higher than 5 after head injury, early DHC and duroplasty should be considered, before occurrence of irreversible ischemic brain damage. High mortality rate was observed in patients with malignant PTCI or PTCI with a GCS of 3-5 at the admission. A large prospective randomized controlled study will be required to justify for aggressive treatments including DHC and medical treatment in these patients.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2014

Background: Incisional site of surgical operation become transient ischemic state and then occur reoxygenation due to vasodilatation by inflammatory reaction, the productive reactive oxygen species (ROS) give rise to many physiologic results. Apoptosis have major role on elimination of inflammatory cell and formation of granulation tissue in normal wound healing process. Remifentanil can prevent the inflammatory response and can suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in a septic mouse model. After cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery surgery, remifentanil can also inhibit the release of biomarkers of myocardial damage. Here we investigated whether remifentanil pretreatment has cellular protective effect against hypoxia-reoxygenation in HaCaT human keratinocytes, if so, the role of apoptosis and autophagy on this phenomenon. Methods: The HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed to various concentrations of remifentanil (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ng/ml) for 2 h before hypoxia (RPC/HR group). These cells were cultured under 1% oxygen tension for 24h at $37^{\circ}C$. After hypoxia, to simulate reoxygenation and recovery, the cells were reoxygenated for 12 h at $37^{\circ}C$. 3-MA/RPC/HR group was treated 3-methyladenine (3-MA), autophagy inhibitor for 1h before remifentanil treatment. Cell viability was measured using a quantitative colorimetric assay with thiazolyl blue tetrazoliumbromide (MTT, amresco), showing the mitochondrial activity of living cells. To investigate whether the occurrence of autophagy and apoptosis, we used fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Results: The viability against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in remifentanil preconditioning keratinocytes were increased, and these cells were showed stimulated expression of autophagy 3-MA suppressed the induction of autophagy effectively and the protective effects on apoptosis. Atg5, Beclin-1, LC3-II and p62 were elevated in RPC/HR group. But they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA. Conclusions: Remifentanil preconditioning showed the protective effect in human keratinocytes, and we concluded that autophagy may take the major role in the recovery of wound from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. We suggest that further research is needed about the cell protective effects of autophagy.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2006

The influences of powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fusca were assessed on cucumber to verify the economic injury level and yield response. Based on the relation of disease severity and yield response, economic threshold was determined by grading the disease severity of powdery mildew. Yield loss simulation due to damage of powdery mildew was conducted by defoliation of lower cucumber leaves in two seasons. The minimum number of leaves was 10 in spring season and 13 in autumn season which made no distinct difference on cucumber yield. The whole yields of cucumber was reduced as the disease severity was increased. Therefore occurrence of powdery mildew have a negative effect on cucumber yield. The regression equation between disease severity and yield loss showed Y=-57.237x+6143.1, $R^2=0.9628$. This equation suggests the disease severity of economic threshold is 17.6%, which is 3% reduction point of yield based on yield and economic relations. These results suggest that application of fungicide should be needed when 1 or 2 leaves of cucumber are infected by powdery mildew in the growing season.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1981

This study was attempted to determine the major weed species occurring in Korean turfgrass, Zoysia japonica Steud. and to evaluate the most effective means for controlling them. More or less 40 weed species were determined to occur in Korean turfgrass. In terms of quantity and frequency of occurrence, Trifolium repens L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa Lindbl, Erigeron canadensis L., and Cyperus amuricus Max were observed to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained to be the major weeds. Simpson's index, 0.306 was obtained in the golf course, Jinryang, Gyungsan-gun, meaning that no specific weed species were dominant, but in Kyungpook National University campus, Trifolium repense L. was a single dominant species, indicating Simpson's index, 0.776. The most effective herbicides to control Trifolium repense L. and other broad leaf weeds were MCPP [2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid), followed by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlolophenoxy acetic acid). Increased rates of both herbicides increased markedly their effectivity against weeds, with very slight injury against turfgrass. MCPP at 2.8 kg(a.i.)/ha gave excellent control without any injury and 2,4-D at 1.0 kg(a.i.)/ha.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2013

Background: To elucidate the relationship between seven occupational dermatoses (ODs) and 20 types of work in Greece. Methods: This was a prevalence epidemiologic study of certain ODs among 4,000 workers employed in 20 types of enterprise, in 104 companies, in 2006-2012, using data from company medical records, questionnaires, occupational medical, and special examinations. The ${\chi}^2$ test was applied to reveal statistically significant relationships between types of enterprises and occurrence of ODs. Results: A high percentage (39.9%) of employees included in the study population suffered from ODs. The highest prevalence rates were noted among hairdressers (of contact dermatitis: 30%), cooks (of contact dermatitis: 29.5%), bitumen workers (of acne: 23.5%), car industry workers (of mechanical injury: 15%), construction workers (of contact urticaria: 29.5%), industrial cleaning workers (of chemical burns: 13%), and farmers (of malignant tumors: 5.5%).We observed several statistical significant correlations between ODs (acute and chronic contact dermatitis, urticaria, mechanical injury, acne, burns, skin cancer) and certain types of enterprises. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and prevalence of ODs, except for dermatoses caused by mechanical injuries afflicting mainly men [${\chi}^2(1)=13.40$, p < 0.001] and for chronic contact dermatitis [${\chi}^2(1)=5.53$, p=0.019] afflicting mainly women. Conclusion: Prevalence of ODs is high in Greece, contrary to all official reports by the Greek National Institute of Health. There is a need to introduce a nationwide voluntary surveillance system for reporting ODs and to enhance skin protection measures at work.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.148-152
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate insect specles of Kiwi fruit, and ecological characteristicsof Stathmopoda m Chonnam province from 1991 to 1993 Twelve families and thirteen specieswere identified during the study. Sfothmopoda aurijerello and mulberp scale were key insect pestsamong them. The body sizes of each stage of S. a~irijereilo was measured and found to be 0.12 mmfor egg, 9.8 mm for mature lawa. 5.9 mm for pupae and 123mm for adult with opened wings.S, ouriferelia appers to have two generations a yea Adults occut~ed from late May to midJulyand mid-August to early September Mth two peaks m early to midJune and late August. Changein age structure (% lawe: % pupae) over time was 100: 0 in earlyJul, 96. 1 . 3 9 in midduly. 64.9:35 1 in late July. 19.8 . 80 2 in early August, and 0 : 100 in mld-August Damaged fruit was 4 6%in early July, increase above 40% 1" midJuly, and then the damage surpassed the damage threshold.The rate of fruit damaged was 45.9%, and there wbi no significant dtfferences among countiesDamaged parts of fruits were manly fruit apex Mth 70% and followed by fruit stalk w~th 11.1%.The rate of fruit damaged by varieties were Hayward with 25.7%. Monty with 17 5%. Hyangrokwith 13.9%, Abott with 9.3% and Bruno with 6.0%. with 9.3% and Bruno with 6.0%.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.553-561
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• 2018

Icariside II (ICA II) is used in erectile dysfunction treatment. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are efficient at improving erectile function. This study aimed to explore the action mechanism of ADSCs in improving erectile function. ADSCs were isolated from the adipose tissues of rats. Cell proliferation was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The expressions of mRNA and protein were determined separately through qRT-PCR and western blot. The endogenous expressions of related genes were regulated using recombinant plasmids and cell transfection. A Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay was performed to determine the interaction between miR-34a and STAT3. Rat models with bilateral cavernous nerve injuries (BCNIs) were used to assess erectile function through the detection of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracavernosal pressure (ICP). ICA II promoted ADSCs' proliferation and differentiation to Schwann cells (SCs) through the inhibition of miR-34a. Suppressed miR-34a promoted the differentiation of ADSCs to SCs by upregulating STAT3. ICA II promoted the differentiation of ADSCs to SCs through the miR-34a/STAT3 pathway. The combination of ICA II and ADSCs preserved the erectile function of the BCNI model rats. ADSCs treated with ICA II markedly preserved the erectile function of the BCNI model rats, which was reversed through miR-34a overexpression. ICA II promotes the differentiation of ADSCs to SCs through the miR34a/STAT3 pathway, contributing to erectile function preservation after the occurrence of a cavernous nerve injury.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: This study aimed at investigating the effects of sulfur-containing compounds widely used as environment-friendly organic fungicides against ginseng anthracnose, and determining the appropriate application concentration for lowering chemical injury to ginseng leaves. Ginseng anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a destructive disease that significantly reduces the yield of ginseng. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ginseng anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is a destructive disease that significantly reduces the yield of ginseng. In a 2-year-old ginseng grown in a pot, treatment with loess-sulfur complex containing 0.06% sulfur and fermented loess-sulfur complex containing 0.13% sulfur did not show any chemical injuries. In order to measure the therapeutic effectiveness, various sulfur-containing compounds were applied to the plants after they were infected with ginseng anthracnose. Treatment with lime sulfur complex (400 dilution) showed the highest ginseng anthracnose control value, followed by fermented loess-sulfur complex (20 dilution), fermented loess-sulfur complex (40 dilution), and loess-sulfur complex (400 dilution) treatments. These compounds were applied before the outbreak of anthracnose disease in order to measure the preventive effectiveness, and in this case, treatment with fermented loess-sulfur complex (40 dilution) showed the highest control value and it was comparable to the value of the pesticide treatment used as the control in this experiment. CONCLUSION: Fermented loess-sulfur complex could be recommended as an environment-friendly organic material to control the occurrence of ginseng anthracnose.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.153-172
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• 2009

Background : The safety of Korean herbal Medicine (KHM: prescribed herbal medicine by doctors of traditional Korean medicine) is an important issue in Korea. Although both fields. western medicine and traditional Korean medicine. have been studied on the safety of herbs and KHM, their results were not concordance with each other. Objectives : This study aims to review the influence of KHM on liver function in Korean literature systematically. Additionally, we tried to estimate the change of data of liver function test (LFT) and the incidence of liver injury (LI) after the use of KHM. Methods : Systematic literature searches were performed on 4 major databases of Korea from their inception to May 2008. Screening and selection of the studies and the extraction of data were performed independently by two authors. There were no restrictions on the types of publication including grey literatures. Results : Forty studies were included. Only sixteen studies were performed prospectively and fifteen studies collected data from outpatients. Only 8 studies reported the occurrence of LI after the use of KHM. Nineteen cases of LI showed no or mild symptoms and the elevation of LFT was not high. All of LI patients used conventional western drug and KHM concomitantly. and causality of LI was not assessed properly. The incidence of LI related to the use of KHM was estimated as 0.59%-0.76% from all data of these studies. The conflicting results were shown on the change of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TB) after the use of KHM. Conclusions : KHM might be a minor cause of LI in Korea. However the results are not strongly supported as enough to make the safety issue clear because of the limitations of original studies. More rigorous studies are required for answering the safety issue of KHM with the cooperative investigation of both fields of Korean traditional medicine and western medicine.