• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.10
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• pp.661-668
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• 2013

A safety critical system is a system that leads to injury of people, damage of property and environment due to functional failures or occurrence of undesired condition. Therefore, to ensure the safety of a system, system engineers should consider the inherent hazards of the system at design phase of the system development, and also should design the prevention actions to minimize damage when an accident occurred. The objective of these actions is preventing the serious damage from accidents that can occur due to unforeseen circumstance. Recently, many studies have been performed to identify and analyze their hazards at design phase of safety critical systems. This paper suggests a safety analysis technique for analyzing the collision among those prevention actions to reduce accident and its effect by the collision of these actions that did not mentioned in previous studies. Through the proposed technique, it would improve robustness of safety and would help the design of prevention actions into system for the occurrence of accidents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.326-334
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• 2019

Background: The objective of our study was to analyze the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside derivatives Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, and Rg3 against glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal mouse neuron cells. Methods: The neuroprotective effect of ginsenosides were evaluated by measuring cell viability. Protein expressions of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Bcl2, Bax, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) were determined by Western blot analysis. The occurrence of apoptotic and death cells was determined by flow cytometry. Cellular level of $Ca^{2+}$ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by image analysis using the fluorescent probes Fluor-3 and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, respectively. In vivo efficacy of neuroprotection was evaluated using the Mongolian gerbil of ischemic brain injury model. Result: Reduction of cell viability by glutamate (5 mM) was significantly suppressed by treatment with ginsenoside Rb2. Phosphorylation of MAPKs, Bax, and nuclear AIF was gradually increased by treatment with 5 mM of glutamate and decreased by co-treatment with Rb2. The occurrence of apoptotic cells was decreased by treatment with Rb2 ($25.7{\mu}M$). Cellular $Ca^{2+}$ and ROS levels were decreased in the presence of Rb2, and in vivo data indicated that Rb2 treatment (10 mg/kg) significantly diminished the number of degenerated neurons. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Rb2 possesses neuroprotective properties that suppress glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The molecular mechanism of Rb2 is by suppressing the MAPKs activity and AIF translocation.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2022

Purpose: Extravasation of diagnostic and therapeutic materials might occur when the intravascular solution leaks into the surrounding tissues. Injury associated with extravasation depends on various factors. It may range from mild skin reaction to severe necrosis. However, the incidence rate for extravasation is largely unknown because of the limited reporting in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the incidence of extravasation and nurses' attitude and knowledge of extravasation for providing high-quality nursing care. Methods: Three acute care hospitals were surveyed to estimate the occurrence of extravasation. Knowledge and attitude toward extravasation were investigated from 793 nurses working in six hospitals. Results: The incidence rate of extravasation was 0.5%. Extravasation commonly occurred in elderly patients aged 66 or older (59.9%) and internal medicine (48.2%), and it happened 13.73±20.68 days after hospitalization on average. It mostly occurred in the forearm site (52.9%) and was mainly caused by parenteral nutrition (33.6%). The mean scores of nurses' knowledge and attitude were 14.63±2.86 and 28.91±36.00, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the subjects' knowledge and attitude (r=-.11, p=.002). Conclusion: It is necessary to have a reporting system that can accurately monitor the occurrence of extravasation for patient safety management. In addition, it is necessary to develop a protocol that can be applied to clinical practice and a nurse education program.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2011

Purpose: As the number of people enjoying skiing and snowboarding which are two popular winter sports has been increasing, wearing helmet during doing these sports has been needed for safety. The rates of head or face injury have decreased after using helmet. However the effect that wearing helmet has on cervical damage is not yet to be known. So through this research we intend to be helpful in developing effective program and safety equipment. Materials and Methods: During two seasons from December 2009 to march 2011, cased 658 cervical injuries within 14538 admittance in medical center of major resort due to skiing and snow-boarding injuries. For survey and research model, one year before the research year conducted a pilot study. Admittance were 432 male and 226 female, advanced 273 and 385 novice. We divided them into two groups depending on wearing helmet, measured cervical damage ratio and injury mechanism, and researched the severity of damage and diagnosed injury. Each group used SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to process data statistically. Results: The number of patients was 312 in skier and 346 in snow boarder. Patients wearing helmet were 146 in skier and 127 in snow boarder. Classification of each injuries were confirmed as 292 cases of simple sprain, 359 bruising, 6 cervical fractures and 1 case of dislocation. Classification of injury mechanisms were 287 of human collision, 212 material collision, 108 of slip down by oneself, 39 of falling and 12 cases of etc. In cases wearing helmet ski 78/ snow board 70 were simple sprain, ski 64/ snowboard 68 were shown as bruising, ski 1/ snow board 2 had cervical fracture or dislocation. The ratio of cervical sprain increased in cases of wearing helmet compared to non-wearing cases and there was a statistical significance (p<0.001). The ratio of cervical contusion increased significantly in non-wearing helmet user (p<0.05). However, there was no significant increase in fracture and dislocation compared between helmet user and non-user (p> 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, wearing helmet had no relation to additional cervical injury occurrence or severity among skiers and snow boarders. The ratio of cervical sprain increased significantly in helmet user with person to person accident. However, the cervical contusion decreased. On this ground, further biomechanical studies are required and modified helmet will be necessary.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 2007

This study was conducted to explain degree of injury caused by P. panopealis larva which is the key component to develop economic injury level or control threshold in green perilla and was carried out in polyvinyl houses at Yuseong Daejeon, Geumsan and Yesan Chungnam from 2004 to 2006. Of 5 major pests in green perilla polyvinyl house, P. panopealis larva injured green perilla leaf by 48.5% on average under no insecticides application. The peak occurrence of P. panopealis adult was early August and late September in 2004 and 2005 studies. The feeding amount of P. panopealis larva among 1st to 3rd instar was not different, but from the 4th instar the feeding amount greatly increased and this result was consistent with daily feeding experiment in which the amount greatly increased from seventh day. The degree of injury which was investigated with different larval infestation levels showed that the degree of injury increased a little but was not dim ε rent significantly as the density increased. The density of P. panopealis larva in damaged green perilla plant was less than three individuals/plant. This result indicates that P. panopealis adult lays egg on green perilla leaf dispersedly and larva hatched from egg injures only the leaf which egg is layed. These preliminary data seems to be very useful to design economic injury level and control threshold studies for P. panopealis in green perilla polyvinyl house.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.287-296
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• 2003

Background : Drowning represents the third most common cause of all accidental deaths worldwide. Although few studies of submersion injury were done in Korea, the subjects were mainly pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to describe the clinical feature of submersion injury in adults. Methods : The medical records of 31 patients with submersion injury who were >15 years of age and admitted to Kyungpook National University Hospital from July 1990 to March 2003 were retrospectively examined. Results : The most common age-group, cause, and site of submersion accidents in adults were 15-24 years of age, inability to swim, and river followed by more than 65 years of age, drinking, and public bath respectively. The initial chest radiographics showed bilaterally and centrally predominant distribution of pulmonary edema at lung base in about 90% of patients with pulmonary edema represented by submersion injury but at only upper lung zone in 10%. Eventually, 25 patients (80.6%) survived without any neurologic deficit and 2 patients (6.5%) with significant neurologic deficit, and 4 patients (12.9%) died. Age, arterial gas oxygenation, and mental status among baseline variables showed significant difference for prognosis. Conclusions : More than 65 year of age, drinking, and occurrence in public bath were relatively important in submersion injury of adults, and the successful survival of 80.6% of patients suggests that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be intensively done in even adults.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.506-512
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• 2007

Traumatic injury of tooth in children is commonly occurred problem. It is classified into tooth, periodontal tissue, supporting bone, soft tissue injury by it's area and extent. Among the periodontal tissue injuries, traumatically intruded teeth are common in anterior maxillary area, though the occurrence rate is rather low, the pulp and supporting tissue injury is possible by vertical impact. The treatment method of traumatically intruded teeth is various. Observation on the spontaneous reeruption for 3-4 weeks is recommended if the traumatized teeth are deciduous teeth or slightly intruded immature permanent anterior teeth. If this did not occur because the extent of intrusion is severe or the traumatized teeth are mature permanent anterior teeth, orthodontic traction is applied by fixed/removable appliances. At this time, light and continuous force is applied for the extrusive movement of the intruded teeth. When above procedures are impossible, surgical repositioning and fixation is recommended. In these cases, we performed conventional endodontic therapy for pulp necrosis and orthodontic traction with fixed appliance. We obtained satisfactory results and will report that.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.355-358
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• 2011

Objective : Subdural hygroma (SDG) is a complication occurring after head trauma that may occur secondary to decompressive craniectomy (DC). However, the mechanism underlying SDG formation is not fully understood. Also, the relationship between the operative technique of DC or the decompressive effect and the occurrence and pathophysiology of SDG has not been clarified. Purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of SDG after DC in our series. Methods : From January 2004 to December 2008, DC was performed in 85 patients who suffered from traumatic brain injury. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiological features. For comparative analysis, we divided the patients into 2 groups : one group with SDG after craniectomy (19 patients; 28.4% of the total sample), the other group without SDG (48 patients; 71.6%). The risk factors for developing SDG were then analyzed. Results : The mean Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at discharge of the groups with and without SDG were 2.8 and 3.1, respectively (p<0.0001). Analysis of radiological factors showed that a midline shift in excess of 5 mm on CT scans was present in 19 patients (100%) in the group with SDG and in 32 patients (66.7%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). An accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was seen in 17 patients (89.5%) in the group with SDG and in 29 patients (60.4%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). Delayed hydrocephalus accompanied these findings in 10 patients (52.6%) in the group with SDG, versus 5 patients (10.4%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). On CT, compression of basal cisterns was observed in 14 members (73.7%) in the group with SDG and in 18 members of the group without SDG (37.5%) (p<0.007). Furthermore, tearing of the arachnoid membrane, as observed on CT, was more common in all patients in the group with SDG (100%) than in the group without SDG (31 patients; 64.6%) (p<0.05). Conclusion : GOS showed statistically significant difference in the clinical risk factors for SDG between the group with SDG and the group without SDG. Analysis of radiological factors indicated that a midline shifting exceeding 5 mm, SAH, delayed hydrocephalus, compression of basal cisterns, and tearing of the arachnoid membrane were significantly more common in patients with SDG.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.352-358
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• 2006

We investigated the mechanism on occurring of briny injury in four fruit species (apple, pear, grape, peach). Briny injury of apple, pear, peach, and grape was induced by the foliar splay of saline solutions. Browning symptom was initiated one hour after the spray of 3% NaCl in apple, pearl and peach trees. while two hour were needed for grape, but the latter developed the symptom faster than the formers. Foliar spray of 3% NaCl resulted in 4-fold increase in ethylene production 24 h after the spray, and the production was returned to early stage rate after 72 h. Ethylene production of control was nearly constant with slight decrease after 4 h. Browning and defoliation response to the spray of 3% NaCl on lower side were not different from the spray on both sides regardless of fruit species, while no injury symptoms occurred by the spiny on upper side. In saline damage for treated date, lateral bud was only germinated in apple at 30 July. A shoot apex was 100% grew in all fruit tree. In result for hormonal content of leaf and shoot apex, control was high t-zeatin content in leaf. However, IAA and ABA content was increasing in high saline concentration.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Purpose: A missed fracture is a very common occurrence in the Emergency Department (ED) and can have serious results because of delays in treatment, resulting in long-term disability. It is also one of the most common causes leading to medical legal issues. We analyzed the causes of missed fractures by using a bone scan which is known to be an effective tool for diagnosing bony lesions. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of trauma patients who underwent a bone scan after being discharged the ED from September 2006 to March 2008. Cases of missed fractures were identified by using electronic medical records to review each diagnosis. Definition of missed fracture was read after bone scan by radiologist. We decided that there was no fracture if we read 'trauma-related lesion' or 'cannot rule out fracture' on a bone scan read by a radiologist. Enrolled patients were analyzed by age, sex, time until bone scan and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Patients were divided into two groups, alert mentality and not-alert mentality, so there were split between a diagnosis group and a missed fracture group. ISS was also used in determining the severity of the patient's injury upon discharge from the ED. Results: A total of 532 patients were enrolled in this study. Of those, 487 patients were in the diagnosis group, and 45 patients (8.4%) were discovered to have had a fracture. Of the 45 missed fracture patients, 34 patients (6.4%) had one-site fractures, 8 patients (1.5%) had two-site fractures, and 3 patients (0.6%) had three-site fractures. The most commonly missed fracture was multiple rib fractures (18 patients, 30.5%), followed by lumbosacral (LS) spine fractures (10 patients, 16.9%), thoracic spine fractures (8 patients, 13.6%), and clavicle fractures (6 patients, 10.2%). Mean age was $50.12{\pm}18.54$ years in the diagnosis group and $57.38{\pm}16.88$ years in the missed fracture group. For the diagnosis group, the mean ISS was $9.03{\pm}8.26$, but in the missed fracture group it was $17.53{\pm}9.69$. Missed fractures were much more frequent in the not-alert mentality (p<0.01) and in the high (ISS$ ISS{\geq}16$) group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Missed fractures occur most frequent in patients of old age, not-alert mentality, and high ISS. Multiple rib and spine fractures were found to be the most frequent missed fractures, regardless of trauma severity. This study also shows a high possibility of clavicle and scapula fractures in patients with severe trauma.